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Benefits of Trivalent Chromium in Human Nutrition?
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
As no adverse effects have been convincingly associated with excess intake of chromium from food or supplements, no Upper Tolerable Limit was established for chromium as the trivalent ion in 2001 by the Institutes of Medicine of the National Research Council (US) (41). Other agencies have taken similar positions. In 2005, the US FDA found that the use of chromium supplements was safe up to 1 mg chromium/day, the highest amount used in clinical trials (32). In 2003, the Scientific Committee on Food (European Union, now replaced by EFSA) found insignificant evidence to set a Tolerable Upper Intake Level. From the limited number of studies, no evidence of adverse effects was found to be associated with supplemental chromium intake up to a dose of 1 mg/day; this recommendation was specifically for sources of chromium(III) other than chromium picolinate (51). In 2014, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) derived a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 300 µg chromium/kg body mass daily from the lowest No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) identified in a chromic oral toxicity study in rats (52). In 2003, the Food Standard Agency’s Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (United Kingdom) determined that doses up to 10 mg of chromium daily should be safe for humans (53). This does not mean that no toxic effects might be associated with high intakes of trivalent chromium. No significant health concerns have been found for current commercial chromium supplements at current doses, although questions about the use of chromium picolinate have been raised.
Tomatoes in the Diet
Published in Denise Wilson, Sensing the Perfect Tomato, 2019
Nevertheless, biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in enabling fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids to be metabolized or used by the human body. Biotin also modifies histones, which organize the DNA in cells, and plays a role in regulating genes and cell signaling (NIH 2018b, Pacheco-Alvarez et al. 2002). Biotin's known role in affecting how and how much glucose can be used by the body suggests that biotin may be important in regulating diabetes. Although studies in humans are limited, biotin has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and reduce glucose levels among mice and rats with non–insulin dependent diabetes (Reddi et al. 1988, Zhang et al. 1996). One study of 447 adults with type 2 diabetes did demonstrate that a combination of chromium picolinate/biotin supplements facilitated greater control of blood sugar levels in overweight and obese subjects (Albarracin et al. 2008). This same treatment has been implicated in reducing risk factors of cardiovascular disease among those with type 2 diabetes (Geohas et al. 2007). In some studies, biotin has also been shown to improve lipid (cholesterol) profiles in otherwise healthy individuals (Fernandez-Mejia 2005), and in combination with other B vitamins, supports improved neurological function and may offset cognitive decline among the elderly (Kennedy 2016).
Iron Nanoparticles for Cr(VI) Removal from Contaminated Soil
Published in Marta I. Litter, Natalia Quici, Martín Meichtry, Iron Nanomaterials for Water and Soil Treatment, 2018
Luca Di Palma, Elisabetta Petrucci, Nicola Verdone, Giorgio Vilardi
Cr(III) is recognized as a nontoxic form of chromium by several researchers and an essential nutrient for humans and animals; its deficiency causes disturbance in the metabolism of glucose and lipids. Some other authors [24] stated that before recognizing Cr(III) as an essential nutrient for mammals, it is necessary to identify a Cr complex (biomolecule) with a biochemical role in the organism. Cr(III) seems to increase insulin sensitivity to favor the metabolism of lipids and glucose, and if it is delivered as chromium picolinate (Cr(C6H4NO2)3), it exhibits an antidepressant effect [25]. According to the U.S. Institute of Medicine, a daily intake of 25 and 35 gg of Cr(III) for females and males, respectively, is recommended [26]. The maximum accepted concentration for total Cr in drinking water is 100 gg/L in most countries of U.S. and Europe, although in California, Germany, UK, and Italy, it is lower (equal to 50 gg/L). The exposure limit for Cr(0), Cr(II), and Cr(III) recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) is 500 gg/m3 for a 10 h workday, 40 h week [27].
Toxic and carcinogenic effects of hexavalent chromium in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro: a recent update
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2022
Shehnaz Islam, Sreejata Kamila, Ansuman Chattopadhyay
Cr (III) is one of the essential minerals that is required in trace amount and is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Cr as a toxic element makes its way to the human body through drinking water, food or food supplements. The total Cr content in the majority of foods ranges between <10 and 1,300 μg/kg, and the maximum concentration is found in protein-rich foods and vegetables.8 The primary non-occupational route of exposure is ingestion of food and drinking water when its level is >25 μg/L.8 For occupationally exposed individuals, Cr-exposure most often occurs via inhalation or dermal absorption.12 Recently, Cr (III) is being utilized in several dietary supplements in the form of chromium picolinate (Cr(C6H4NO2)3) that is claimed to improve nutrient metabolism and weight loss. Several studies have reported the occurrence of various health issues in humans like liver dysfunction, dermatitis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, kidney failure, rhabdomyolysis, and hypoglycemia due to the presence of high amount of Cr in food supplements used for weight loss.13,14