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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
One of the bioactive compounds, i.e. marine chondroitin sulfate, has attracted the attention of scientists from various backgrounds to study individually or collaboratively. Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally occurring biomolecule that can be found widely in almost all invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans, and the many biological processes that involve it (Volpi, 2009). Chondroitin sulfate is a supplement that can help delay the course of osteoarthritis while also reducing inflammation and discomfort. Joint function improves as a result of this. Chondroitin sulfate is frequently combined with glucosamine. The prevalence of osteoarthritis in various areas, growing awareness towards joint health, development of innovative chondroitin sulfate combination products, etc., has a favorable influence on the growth of the global chondroitin sulfate market. Religious and cultural barriers to chondroitin sulfate usage, particularly in Middle Eastern nations, are some of the reasons restricting the worldwide chondroitin sulfate market’s growth (Transparency Market Research, 2017), especially chondroitin obtained from non-halal raw materials. Therefore, chondroitin sulfate processed from marine resources which can be classified as halal according to Islam will not be disputed by any religions.
Adhesive Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Reconstruction
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
Surgical glues composed of functionalized natural polysaccharides, including chondroitin and dextran, are showing early success as biocompatible sealants. The biopolymer chondroitin sulfate is a major component of cartilage extracellular matrix, and may provide an ideal foundation for designing biomaterials for cartilage repair. A photopolymerizable hydrogel composed of chondroitin sulfate functionalized with methacrylate and aldehyde groups has shown success in binding articular cartilage defects in vivo [230]. The chondroitin sulfate–methacrylate–aldehyde hydrogel is noncytotoxic, noninflammatory, and able to encapsulate cartilage cells, making it a promising platform for cartilage reconstruction. In addition, a photopolymerizable polysaccharide-based sealant composed of hyaluronic acid functionalized with methacrylate groups has shown efficacy in sealing experimental corneal incisions [231]. Finally, a polysaccharide-based sealant composed of dextran aldehyde and multi-arm PEG amine has been developed for wound closure (Figure 17.17). The dextran-based tissue adhesive is noncytotoxic and noninflammatory [232], requires no external photoinitiator or other extra equipment, and has demonstrated efficacy in an ex vivo model of cor-neal closure [233].
Exploration of type II and III collagen binding interactions with short peptide-phenyl pyrazole conjugates via docking, molecular dynamics and laboratory experiments
Published in Soft Materials, 2023
Lucy R. Hart, Charlotta G. Lebedenko, Beatriz G. Goncalves, Mia I. Rico, Dominic J. Lambo, Diego S. Perez, Ipsita A. Banerjee
While it is well known that Type I collagen promotes cell proliferation of articular chondrocytes without affecting their chondrogenic properties,[18] it has been shown that in the long term, passaged cells showed loss of chondrogenic phenotype in Type I 3D collagen gels and the cells regain their properties, including producing Type II collagen after re-differentiation was potentiated in the presence of growth factors such as bone morphogenic protein-2 and insulin.[19] In a recent study conducted comparing Type I and Type II monomeric collagen scaffolds with and without the incorporation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans, it was shown that the addition of CS markedly upregulated expression of Type II collagen, and it was concluded that Type II collagen and CS can be used to promote chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells even in the absence of growth factors, and may be developed as a therapeutic for mitigating osteoarthritis.[20] Researchers have also developed hybrid biodegradable scaffolds such as PLGA, PLA, or chitosan with Type I collagen.[21,22] In a separate study, collagen-hyaluronic acid hydrogels were developed for chondrocyte delivery to promote cartilage tissue engineering.[23]
Green in the deep blue: deep eutectic solvents as versatile systems for the processing of marine biomass
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Colin McReynolds, Amandine Adrien, Natalia Castejon, Susana C. M. Fernandes
Chondroitin sulfate is a polysaccharide of the glycosaminoglycan family, made up of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine linked by β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds and sulfated in different carbon positions. It is an essential component of an extracellular matrix of connective tissues, which plays a central role in diverse biological processes (114). It is commonly extracted from both terrestrial and marine sources, composition and concentration depending on organism and tissue. Uses of chondroitin sulfate are predominantly centered around medical/nutraceutical use as treatment for osteoarthritis (115) although new uses are emerging for tissue engineering (116). Classically, shark and ray fins have been the most commonly used to produce these molecules, although stock management is problematic for the long-term sustainability of these sources (117).
Application of electrospun nanofibers in bone, cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Huixiu Ding, Yizhu Cheng, Xiaolian Niu, Yinchun Hu
Chondroitin sulfate (CHS) is a glycosaminoglycan naturally found in cartilage and participates in many chondrocyte signaling pathways [109]. CHS has many important biological functions such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and immune regulation [110]. Lrani et al. used electrospinning equipment to prepare PVA/GEL/CHS composite fibers with different concentrations of CHS (10%, 15%, 20%). The results showed that the composite scaffold with a CHS concentration of 15% had the best cell compatibility, and after 21 days of MSCs cultured on the 15% CHS scaffold, the expression of type II COL could be found. However, when proving that the composite scaffold could be used for cartilage tissue engineering, no mechanical tests were performed [111].