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Deep Eutectic Solvent–Assisted Synthesis of Bismuth-Based Heterostructured Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Wastewater Treatment
Published in A. Pandikumar, K. Jothivenkatachalam, S. Moscow, Heterojunction Photocatalytic Materials, 2022
Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh, Yi-Ru Chen, Yen-Pei Fu
DESs are inexpensive and environmentally friendly and have low toxicity. Choline chloride (ChCl) was widely used as an organic salt to prepare eutectic mixtures with cheap and safe HBDs, such as urea, thiourea, citric acid, and ethylene glycol [6, 7]. As compared to the traditional organic solvents, DESs are not considered volatile organic solvents. They are nonflammable and convenient to store. From the viewpoint of green chemistry, these DESs are even more important since some of the DESs have been proven to be biodegradable and compatible with enzymes, further increasing their interest. Additionally, the synthesis of DESs is 100% economical, easy to handle, and no purification is required, making their large-scale use feasible [8].
Green in the deep blue: deep eutectic solvents as versatile systems for the processing of marine biomass
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Colin McReynolds, Amandine Adrien, Natalia Castejon, Susana C. M. Fernandes
The properties of DESs depend on the individual species of which they are composed, and the ratio in which they form eutectic systems. Currently, the most common DESs are choline chloride-based, where the compound acts as an HBA (see examples in Figure 2). Choline chloride (ChCl) is a quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion, the choline cation is widely produced as an animal feed additive, and is considered an essential dietary nutrient (vitamin B4) for human health (32). ChCl-based DESs are generally acidic (33). Although most DESs are hydrophilic, recently hydrophobic DESs have been developed (34, 35). Terpenes such as menthol and thymol appear to be the best candidates for making sustainable and low-cost hydrophobic solvents (36), although many others exist (37).
Wet Beneficiation Characteristics of Indian Bituminous Coal with Low Cost Choline Chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvents
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
In order to overcome the shortcomings of IL, a new class of green solvents, namely, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES’s) have been developed. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES’s) are formed by simply mixing a salt or a Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA)(e.g ammonium salt) with a Hydrogen Bond Donor(HBD)(for, e.g. organic acid) (Zhang et al. 2012). At a comparatively cheaper cost, high purity DES’s can thus be formed. These newly formed solvents have physio-chemical properties which are quite similar to conventional Ionic Liquids and thus are able to replace the IL’s in many experiments (Zhang et al. 2012). The DES’s that have been chosen for the swelling of coal in this work are all based on the choline moiety. Choline Chloride [ChCl] is a quaternary ammonium salt which is non-toxic, biodegradable and comparatively inexpensive. It is easily extracted from biomass and is available as feedstock for cattle. A simple mixing of two components at an elevated temperature initiates a clear solution in case of the deep eutectic mixture. Henceforth, it also reduces the problem of purification (Zhang et al. 2012) and the problems associated with waste disposal. In this work, three different hydrogen bond donors, namely, Ethylene glycol[EtGly], Urea and Glycerol [Gl] have been chosen to produce three different DES’s with a common Hydrogen Bond Acceptor, namely, Choline Chloride [ChCl].