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Biosensor Development: A Way to Achieve a Milestone for Cancer Detection
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
Thermal decomposition: Thermal decomposition is the process of chemical decomposition of a compound at a specific temperature. In this method, nanoparticles are produced by decomposing the metals at their specific decomposition temperature (Salavati-Niasari et al., 2008; Abdullah et al., 2016; Adner et al., 2016; Ahab et al., 2016; Bartůněk et al., 2016; Glasgow et al., 2016; Khayati et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2016; Polteau et al., 2016; Sharifi et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2016).
Advancements in Bioremediation and Biotechnology—A Critical Overview
Published in Miguel A. Esteso, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, A. K. Haghi, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable Development, 2020
Bioremediation is the use of microorganism metabolism to remove hazardous pollutants. Bioremediation can occur on its own (natural attenuation or intrinsic bioremediation) or can be spurred via the addition of fertilizers to increase the bioavailability within the medium. Biotechnology and biological sciences are the marvels of science and engineering. At present, the needs of civilization and scientific progress are the areas of energy and environmental sustainability. Here comes the importance of biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and nanobiotechnology. Bioremediation can be used at the site of contamination (in situ) or on contamination removed from the original site (ex situ). In the vast case of contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges it can involve land tilling in order to make the nutrients and oxygen more available to the microorganisms. Some of the diverse areas of bioremediation technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching, land farming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation. Bioremediation is of immense scientific importance as it destroys or renders harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. Engineering importance and the world of scientific enquiry and deep profundity will all be the veritable forerunners in the field of biotechnology and bioremediation. Bioremediation uses low-cost, low-technology tools, which generally have a high public acceptance and often be carried out in-site. Environmental sustainability is integrated with environmental engineering techniques such as bioremediation. Although the methodologies employed are not scientifically complex, considerable experience and vast scientific expertise may be required to design and implement a successful bioremediation program. The conventional tools used for bioremediation have been to dig up contaminated soil and remove it to a landfill, or to cap and contain the contaminated areas of the site. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition. Currently, technological advancements in the field of bioremediation are the challenges and the vision of civilization. In this chapter, the author rigorously points toward the scientific success, the scientific provenance, and the deep ingenuity in the field of biotechnology and biological sciences.22,23
Transparent Ceramics
Published in Debasish Sarkar, Ceramic Processing, 2019
Samuel Paul David, Debasish Sarkar
Solid-state reaction has been practiced in industries for several decades, and this involves at least one of the reactants to be a solid to form a compound through diffusion either in solid–solid or solid–liquid interface. In solid–solid reactants, there are three possible reactions: chemical decomposition which liberates gaseous product, a simple chemical reaction of two solids to give a solid product and chemical reduction by the exchange of cations and anions between reactants to produce a product. Chemical decomposition is an endothermic reaction mainly controlled by the reaction kinetics that are decided by reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size, surrounding atmosphere and reactant quantity. By controlling the rate of decomposition, which is governed by the Arrhenius equation (K = A*exp(-Q/RT), where K is the rate constant, Q is the activation energy, T is the absolute temperature, R is the gas constant and A is the pre-exponential coefficient, desirable properties of the end product can be obtained, including the microstructure and morphology, by an effective control of the reaction temperature. Even though it is not widely used for synthesizing chemicals for transparent ceramics, however, precursor carbonates, nitrates or hydroxides synthesized by chemical routes undergo decomposition at a higher temperature to end up in oxide products. Most of the simple or complex oxides are produced by the chemical reaction of two or more reactants. The driving force for such solid–solid reactions is the difference between the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. These reactions are exothermic and occur with the diffusion and counterdiffusion of anions and cations, respectively, between the reactants maintaining charge neutrality. Because of different diffusivity of ions, the diffusion paths are different for anions and cations. For instance, spinel is well studied to understand such mechanism. Oxygen anion (O2-) has a smaller diffusivity (in the order of 10-18 m2/s) value because of its larger size compared to cations (~10-8 m2/s for Al) that causes the major diffusion by the counterdiffusion of cations without affecting the electroneutrality. The reaction rate of such a complex oxide formed by reactants A and B, is determined by the Carter equation,[1+(Z−1)α]23+(Z−1)(1−α)23=Z+(1−Z)Ktr2
Plant/soil-microbial fuel cell operation effects in the biological activity of bioelectrochemical systems
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Mirna Valdez-Hernández, Leandro N. Acquaroli, Javier Vázquez-Castillo, Omar González-Pérez, Julio C. Heredia-Lozano, Alejandro Castillo-Atoche, Lydia Sosa-Vargas, Edith Osorio-de-la-Rosa
The soil-root consortium is a biotic complex that supports microbes and maintains the relationship between microbes and plants (Gobat, Aragno, and Matthey 2004), together with the chemical decomposition performed by sulfate-reducing bacteria and humic acid (De Schamphelaire et al. 2008). The redox potential is determined from the concentration of oxidants (oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, manganese, iron, sulfate, and CO2) and reductants (various organic substrates and inorganic compounds) in the environment (Gobat, Aragno, and Matthey 2004). Such an available redox potential is generated in the soil (Vepraskas, Polizzotto, and Faulkner 2016), which can be harvested using suitable harvesting circuits and stored in a supercapacitor for various applications (Osorio-de-la-rosa et al. 2021).
Application of Levenberg–Marquardt Method for Estimation of the Thermophysical Properties and Thermal Boundary Conditions of Decomposing Materials
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2020
The sensitivity matrix plays a key role in inversely determining the parameters. If larger sensitivity coefficient values are accompanied by the linear independence of the Jacobian columns, the stability of the inversion process is improved. Therefore, it is desirable for the inverse analysis to correspond to the major values for determinant of . If the sensitivity coefficients are not functions of the unknown parameters, the inverse problem becomes linear and Eq. (25) can be solved in an explicit manner. For ablators, IHCPs are categorized as non-linear inverse problems because of the terms added to the conduction heat problem due to chemical decomposition, surface recession and temperature dependency of thermophysical properties. In the current work, the sensitivity coefficients are calculated using a forward-difference approach in the form:
Chlorophytum microbial fuel cell characterization
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
I. Tou, Y. M. Azri, M. Sadi, H. Lounici, S. kebbouche-Gana
Several factors determine the bacterial community of a soil, its structure (Wakelin et al. 2008), its texture (Sessitsch et al. 2001), its pH (Lauber et al. 2009) as well as the nitrogen availability (Frey et al. 2004). Soil undergoes continuous redox reactions (Vepraskas and Faulkner 2001) and apart from organic decomposition, the inorganic material present in the soil can affect the redox potential (Patrick 1981). Soil can produce electrons by chemical decomposition of sulfur species, humic acid and iron (II) (De Schamphelaire et al. 2008; Meek and Chesworth 2008). In the p-MFCs, the soil naturally with its microbial world, plays an important role in the electricity production. Therefore, developing the best p-MFC system requires a good understanding of soil role in bioelectricity production.