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Core Eudicots: Dicotyledons V
Published in Donald H. Les, Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America, 2017
As currently recognized, most Plantaginaceae are autotrophic herbaceous plants with simple leaves and bisexual, bilabiate flowers having sagittate anthers, a superior ovary, and loculicidal capsules with winged or angular seeds. Pollination is mainly biotic (birds, insects), but a few species are pollinated abiotically (water, wind). The family is a source of many popular ornamental plants including angelonia (Angelonia), beardtongue (Penstemon), foxglove (Digitalis), hebe (Hebe), snapdragon (Antirrhinum), speedwell (Veronica), and toadflax (Linaria). Some members (e.g., Digitalis) contain cardiac glycosides and are important medicinally.
Nano Delivery of Antiviral Plant Bioactives as Cancer Therapeutics
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Haripriya Shanmugam, Badma Priya, Manickam Senguttuvan Swetha, Janani Semalaiyappan
Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside extracted from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), is extensively used to treat several heart conditions. It strongly inhibits the expression of viral mRNA in SARS-CoV-2 chikungunya, MERS-CoV, HIV, and other viruses (Cho et al. 2020). In recent years, various studies showed the anticancer effects of digoxin, as individual administration or a combination with other chemosynthetic drugs. It has also been reported to down-regulate the signalling pathways necessary for tumour proliferation in several breast cancer cases (Wang et al. 2020).
Delivery of Herbal Cardiovascular Drugs in the Scenario of Nanotechnology: An Insight
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Kumar Anand, Subhabrata Ray, Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Rudranil Bhowmik, Sanmoy Karmakar, Monalisha Sen Gupta
In the case of CVDs, many forms of herbal drugs are used depending on the nature of disease and the site of action. Regardless of favorable pharmacological actions these drugs are clinically unfit or facing some trouble due to conventional dosage forms. Digoxin ad digitoxin both are one of the oldest (about 200 years old) and probably the least expensive drugs for CHF. Digitoxin and digoxin are most famous cardiac glycosides and are used in case of CHF. Generally, both of these drugs are used in the form of tablets and liquid dosage form. This conventional dosage forms sometimes caused problems due to drug’s narrow therapeutic index and requires better therapeutic monitoring. Digoxin is suggested not to be given with a loading dose in case of stable patients with sinus rhythm. A single daily dose of 0.25 mg for maintenance is commonly employed in adults with normal renal function. In the case of the elderly and the patients with renal impairment, a reduced dose of 0.125 or 0.0625 mg/day should be used (Amine et al., 2016). There are innumerable problems faced in the process to choose an effective dose for a drug such as digoxin and it is difficult because of many components showing narrow therapeutic index which further causes difficulty to define therapeutic endpoints, patients’ variability, and varying effects of pathological states and drugs on digoxin disposition. Thus to reduce the dose with care to maintain the minimum therapeutic effect nanotechnology can be a better approach in comparison to the conventional one. In a recent experimental study, Ping Luo et al. has developed a SLN of digoxin (Ping and Yangwu, 2017). Here the aim of the study is to develop a polyethylene glycol-based nanoparticle of digoxin solid lipid and to enhance the absorption and bioavailability of the drug moiety. With this effect, it is also aimed to decrease the dose of the drug and hence the related toxicity and side effects. In this study, the diameter of digoxin SLN is about 275 nm where particle size again decreases with modification in PEG. In-vitro release of the digoxin SLN shows a sustained release with effect to 72-hour and cumulative release of 48.67%, further when its release rate slows with the increase of modification proportion of polyethylene glycol. With the same drug digoxin, Norah A Albekairi et al. has developed polymeric nanoparticle for transport across BoWocells (Norah et al., 2015). Biodegradable digoxin-loaded PEGylated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles are supposed to increase digoxin transport through BeWo b30 cell monolayers (an in vitro model of trophoblast in human placenta) by reducing the drug’s interaction with P-gp (P-glycoprotein). Taking fetal cardiac arrhythmia as an important concern, this is a fine approach in health science to formulate such dosage form.
The concentration of digoxin after intravenous and oral administration studied by a two-compartment model
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
V. Siva Rama Krishna Reddy, K. Lakshmi Narayan
Explanation of the simplest pharmacokinetic model in accordance with data observed for human drug adaptation is a necessary step for a full understanding of distribution, elimination, activity and drug toxicity. This is becoming increasingly important with drugs that have a low therapeutic index and serious side effects such as the cardiac glycoside digoxin. In view of its narrow therapeutic window, it is important to study the drug concentration in men at various times after oral (p.o.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration. Doherty, Flanigan, and Dalrymple (1972) distinguish the pharmacokinetics of digoxin after oral administration in seven normal patients of tritium-labelled digoxin. The mean half-life from digoxin concentration was 32.7 h., while urinary elimination rates capitulated the mean half-life of 35.6 h., approximately similar values of creatinine and digoxin renal clearances were identified. Gitfrich, Bodem, and Chidsey (1974) inspect the urinary excretion of tritiated digoxin after administering intravenously and reported an average half-life value of 50.8 h. in six chronic disease patients with normal renal function. They found that the renal clearance of digoxin slightly exceeded the creatinine clearances. The steady-state volume of distribution of digoxin in normal subjects has been calculated by Reuning, Sams, and Notari (1973) from digoxin concentration data reported in three studies. J.J Vallner, Stewart, Kotzan, Kirsten, and Honigberg (1981) examined the elimination half-life of hydromorphone in six subjects was 2.64 ± 0.88 h and the drug distributed in a high volume of 1.22 l/kg. Also, the drug was very quickly but partially absorbed after oral administration.
Phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activity of Diodia scandens; a review of current scientific literature
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Abubakar Sadiq Wada, Sa’adatu Muhammad Julde, Safiya Bala Borodo, Mubarak Hussaini Ahmad, Sani Malami, Abdullahi Hamza Yaro
Simple chemical screening tests are usually performed to ascertain the phytochemicals present using appropriate chemical reagents. Tannins which are found to be present and having astringent and detergent properties could be responsible for its activity when used for diarrhea and dysentery [29,30]. Saponins have been reported to poses anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-parasitic, anti-tumor and anti-viral activities were as such could be responsible for its observed usefulness in traditional medicine. Naturally occurring cardiac glycosides have proven useful in the treatment of various heart diseases [30].