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Environmental Regulations and Jurisdictions
Published in Rengasamy Kasinathan, Environmental Compliance Guide for Facility Managers and Engineers, 2023
Food contaminated with cadmium can cause kidney damage, renal tubular dysfunction, pulmonary emphysema, and itai-itai disease, a cause of osteoporosis. While cadmium poisoning mainly damages the kidneys, it has also been linked to bone pain and damage and postmenopausal breast cancer.
Solute geochemistry and health risk of water quality for an abandoned rare earth mine in South Jiangxi Province, China
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2023
It is a fact that water can influence the health of humans through complex pathways. Serious pollution in drinking water around the world has been reported (Li et al. 2018; Beyene et al. 2019; Ramalingam et al. 2022). The ammonia nitrogen and nitrate in water can be converted into nitrite under certain conditions. Long-term drinking of nitrite in water will combine with protein to form nitrosamine, which is a strong carcinogen and extremely harmful to human health (Moazeni et al. 2020). People who have lived in high fluoride areas for a long time typically have varying degrees of fluorosis, including dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, osteoporosis, and fractures (He et al. 2020; Li and Wu 2019; Rajmohan 2022). The accumulation and progressive physiological effects of aluminum in the body can cause encephalopathy, bone disease, kidney disease, non-iron deficiency anemia and other diseases (Alamdari et al. 2022). Too much lead in the body will irretrievably damage the brain and central nervous system (Wang et al. 2012). Oral intake of cadmium can cause liver and kidney symptoms, and Japan reported chronic cadmium poisoning caused by ingestion of cadmium contaminated water sources, which is called “Itai-itai disease” (Kasuya 2000). Excessive intake of nickel will lead to allergic reactions and increase the incidence rate of cancer (Nawaz et al. 2021).
Differential Growth and Metal Accumulation Response of Brachiaria Mutica and Leptochloa Fusca on Cadmium and Lead Contaminated Soil
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2020
Sana Ullah, Rehmat Ali, Sajid Mahmood, Muhammad Atif Riaz, Kalsoom Akhtar
The possible pathways for exposure to heavy metals include food chain, inhalation, and dermal contact, however, food intake is dominant compared to other ways (Khan et al. 2013). Pb and Cd are extremely toxic for human due to their carcinogenic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects (Chen et al. 2019; Mishra et al. 2019). The normal range of Pb and Cd in soil is 2–300 and 0.01–2.0 mg kg−1, respectively (Gardea-Torresdey et al. 2005), while in plants is 0.1–5.0 and 0.1–3.0 mg kg−1, respectively (Gardea-Torresdey et al. 2005; Reeves and Baker 2000). Exposure to Pb has detrimental effects on renal, reproductive, cardiovascular, hepatic, and neurological systems (Bihaqi 2019; Obeng-Gyasi 2018). Cadmium poisoning damages bones, kidneys, and causes cardiovascular and renal problems (Nishijo and Nakagawa 2019). In plants, heavy metals including Pb and Cd retard shoot and root growth, reduce mineral uptake (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn), and stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (H2O2, O2−) that damage plasma membrane (Naeem et al. 2018; Sidhu et al. 2016, 2017a; Zou et al. 2019). The toxic impacts of Pb and Cd are well associated with the expression of antioxidant enzymatic activity against oxidative stress in different plant species (Sidhu et al. 2017a, 2017b).
Progress on electrochemical sensors for the determination of heavy metal ions from contaminated water
Published in Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2018
Xiangzi Dai, Shuping Wu, Songjun Li
Generally, heavy metals are defined as that the metal density is more than 4.5 g/cm3, including copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn) and so on. In the environmental pollution field, heavy metal are refer to highly toxic heavy elements, like mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and metallic arsenic (As). Mostly heavy metals can cause serious harmful effects on humans and environment due to their high toxic and enhanced reactivity.[1] With the development of industrial and agricultural manufacture, heavy metal contamination has been becoming a serious problem. The heavy metal pollutants in the environment are difficult to degrade by nature and will accumulate in vivo of animals and plants. Though only small amounts of heavy metals are consumed, when larger animals that are higher up in the food chain eat the bottom feeders, a higher concentration of the toxin is then present in their body. This food chain reaction is called biomagnification. Since humans are at the top in the food chain, humans are extremely affected by biomagnification, making it a subtle yet dangerous problem.[2–4] The term has particular application to cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium and arsenic, all of which appear in the World Health Organisation's list of 10 chemicals of major public concern. For instance, Minamata disease is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Minamata disease patients have the clinical symptoms that include dementia, hand and foot facial paralysis, general muscle weakness, loss of peripheral vision, and damage to hearing and speech. In 1950s, a serious heavy metal pollution incident occurred in Japan caused more than 10 thousand people infected with Minamata disease which was arisen by organic mercury poisoning, and about 500 of them died.[5] Medical studies have proved that cadmium can cause itai-itai disease after it enters human bodies. The main effects of cadmium poisoning are week and brittle bones.[6,7] Lead is harmful to human nervous, digestive, cardiovascular, blood, kidney and other systems, and leads to anemia, caries polyneuritis, fetal malformation, etc. Children are extremely sensitive to the toxicity of lead, which can cause nervous system problems including vascular disorders and injuries in the head and spinal cord.[8] Contamination with high levels of arsenic is of concern because arsenic can cause many human health effects. Arsenic exposure affects virtually all organ systems including the cardiovascular, dermatologic, nervous, liver, kidney, gastro-intestinal and respiratory systems.