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Measurement of Electrical Potentials and Magnetic Fields from the Body Surface
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
With modern electrode systems, a water-based, electrolyte paste, cream, or gel containing sodium, potassium, and chloride ions is used to galvanically couple the skin to the electrode's metal–salt surface. The electrolyte may also contain an organic gelling agent to prevent it from running, and a preservative to inhibit mold and bacteria growth. Synapse® conductive electrode cream and spray made by Kustomer Kinetics, Inc., Arcadia, CA, lists the following ingredients: water, sodium chloride, propylene glycol, mineral oil, glyceryl monostearate, polyoxyethelene stearate, stearyl alcohol, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, methylparaben, butylparaben, propyl paraben, perfume, and D&C Red #19 dye. The electrolyte gel is largely responsible for maintaining low-electrode impedance, hence low-thermal noise, and also for reducing electrical motion artifacts from relative motion of the electrode with the skin. Some of its ingredients keep it from drying out. Early body surface electrodes were held in place by elastic rubber straps. A modern recording electrode has a self-adhesive “skirt” surrounding the electrolyte gel-filled center cup which contains the silver chloride contact electrode. Some of the newer, disposable electrodes, such as the Burdick CardioSens/Ultra® II, and the Nikotabs EKG electrodes (NIKOMED 0315) use a conductive, latex adhesive over the entire 1″ × 1″ active area of the electrode to attach it to the skin.
The association of personal care products uses and dietary habits with the urinary concentration of parabens in Iranian adults
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Yaghoub Hajizadeh, Ghasem Kiani Feizabadi, Awat Feizi, Karim Ebrahimpour
Parabens, the esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid which also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), are present in several commercial products (Soni et al. 2005; Le Coz and Lepoittevin 2011). Some parabens, such as methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP), are mostly used in the production of personal care products (PCP), pharmaceutics, and food products due to their fungicidal and antimicrobial properties (Soni et al. 2005; Andersen 2008; Roden 2010; Amasa et al. 2012). Recently, there is increasing evidence indicating that the exposure to parabens could be associated with adverse health effects (Cashman and Warshaw 2005; Soni et al. 2005). Accordingly, it has been shown that parabens may interfere with endocrine function and can exert estrogenic activity through estrogen receptors (ERs), which may play a role in the development of breast cancer (Darbre et al. 2004; Darbre and Harvey 2008; Charles and Darbre 2013; Amin et al. 2019) obesity (Hu et al. 2013; Artacho-Cordón et al. 2017; Kolatorova et al. 2018), as well as malignant melanoma (Darbre and Harvey 2008) or increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (Li et al. 2019). The exposure to parabens has also been shown to affect sperm quality, and therefore may reduce the reproductive potential (Oishi 2002; Meeker et al. 2010; Garcia et al. 2017; Smarr et al. 2018) and increase pregnancy complications and poor obstetric outcomes (Philippat et al. 2014; Geer et al. 2017). In addition, a large body of evidence have been linked to the paraben exposure, mainly via cosmetics, to allergic reactions (Cashman and Warshaw 2005; Lee-Sarwar et al. 2018).