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Urban Sources of Micropollutants: from the Catchment to the Lake
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Jonas Margot, Luca Rossi, D. A. Barry
Parabens are also widely employed as antimicrobial preservatives in PCPs, such as body lotions, shampoos, toothpaste, deodorants, etc. The most common parabens include methyl-(MeP), ethyl-(EtP), propyl-(PrP), butyl-(BuP) and benzyl-parabens (BzP). Based on their slight estrogenic effect and their ubiquitous presence in human tissues, they are possible substances of concern for human health (Kirchhof and de Gannes, 2013). Median concentrations of parabens in raw municipal wastewater in Spain were 2500 ng l−1 for MeP, 1400 ng l−1 for PrP, 760 ng l−1 for EtP and 200 ng l−1 for BuP. BzP was found at very low concentrations (< 2 ng l−1) (Gonzalez-Marino et al., 2011).
Formulation Development of Small-Volume Parenteral Products
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Madhav S. Kamat, Patrick P. DeLuca
Parabens are benzoic acid esters and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity at a pH range of 4–8 but are more effective against yeasts and molds when compared to bacteria. Antimicrobial activity is normally enhanced when combinations of parabens are used with excipients such as PG, phenylethyl alcohol, and edetic acid [93]. Aqueous solutions of parabens are stable at a pH range of 3–6 but degrade by hydrolysis at pH greater than 8. The solubility of methylparaben and propylparaben in water is 1 in 400 (w/w) at 25°C, and 1 in 2,500 at 20°C, respectively [92]. Due to inherent low solubilities, sodium salts are frequently utilized in the final dosage forms.
Eradication of Personal Care Products by Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Rachna, Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani
In order to limit natural ripening and to prevent bacterial/fungal growth on plants, synthetic preservatives are used. Other than plants, these are widely utilized in soaps, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals (Brausch and Rand 2011). Parabens are the most commonly used antimicrobial preservatives (Amin et al. 2019). Seven types of parabens having difference in word root are used as preservatives (Soni et al. 2005). Out of which methyl and propyl are one of the most commonly employed in makeup industry (Peck 2006). The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is a low cost paraben having antifungal properties (Alvarez-Rivera et al. 2018).
Investigating determinants of parabens concentration in maternal urine
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Saeid Fadaei, Hamidreza Pourzamani, Karim Ebrahimpour, Awat Feizi, Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali, Roya Kelishadi
Several evidences are demonstrating that the exposure to parabens is associated with adverse health effects including interfering with estrogen activity (estrogenicity), endocrine disruption, and increase of cancer risk (Scholz and Mayer 2008; Wu et al. 2019). Due to the adverse health effects of these compounds, their use in commercial products in EU members, the United States and Canada is under strict control (Kolatorova et al. 2018). According to Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products (SCCP) for the European Union, the maximum allowed amount of parabens for a single paraben and mixture of parabens is 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively (Buzek and Ask 2009). Moreover, the use of two parabens, PrP and BuP, in children products was prohibited in some other countries like Denmark (Kirchhof and de Gannes 2013).
A comparative approach of methylparaben photocatalytic degradation assisted by UV-C, UV-A and Vis radiations
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Giovanna Doná, João Luiz Andreoti Dagostin, Thiago Atsushi Takashina, Fernanda de Castilhos, Luciana Igarashi-Mafra
Currently, emerging pollutants have been subject of great interest for being a threat to the environment and not always being easily removed. That is the case of parabens, a group of chemicals formed by alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Parabens are used as preservatives to inhibit microbial growth [1] and extend shelf life of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products [2]. Among the different paraben types, methylparaben (MEP) stands out as one of the preservative agent most used in industries applied pure as a mixture with other parabens to enhance the antimicrobial effect [3]. However, several reports revealed that these compounds show a certain estrogenic activity [4–7]. There is a growing concern of the global population about human health and environmental safety since even in low concentrations parabens may induce a carcinogenic response [8]. Studies point out that there is a relationship between breast cancer and products that contain parabens, once the presence of MEP in breast tumors has been detected [9–12]. Parabens have also been associated with male infertility [13–15].
Stability of emulsion liquid membrane using blended nonionic surfactant and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for methylparaben removal
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Rahulkumar Shirasangi, Himanshu P. Kohli, Mousumi Chakraborty
Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) are used in drugs, cosmetics, or food items as preservatives and have become common pollutants in ecological media.[1] Human exposure to parabens is an increasing public health concern since parabens have been described to be endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that act in the body like estrogen. Xue et al.[2] observed that the trophic magnification factor of methylparaben is 1.83, signifying substantial biomagnification and bioaccumulation of this compound in the marine food web. Extensive usage of parabens in detergents, cosmetics, and dyes leads to abundant existence in the soil and wastewater. Chin et al.[3] stated that methods like ozonation, chlorine dioxide treatment, photosensitized degradation, and so on, effectively remove parabens but produce disinfection by-products. For example, chlorite (ClO2−) and chlorate (Cl2O2) are disinfection by-products released during chlorine dioxide treatment, which are potentially toxic.[4] Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is a favorable separation method for organic and inorganic wastewater treatment. ELM is a simple process with several merits, like high contact area, high selectivity and efficiency, simultaneous extraction and stripping process, less chemical and energy consumption, and low operating cost.[5] Emulsion instability is the primary concern for large-scale industrial separations, as membrane breakage reduces extraction efficiency.[5] The addition of blended surfactant and nanoparticle enhances the emulsion stability. Li et al.[6] stated that blended surfactants could improve the flexibility of the surfactant layer formed and the partitioning of surfactants into the oil–water interface. The nanoparticle layers around the droplets have rigid adsorption at oil–water interface and offer steric interference to coalescence, thereby stabilizing the droplets.[7]