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Fundamentals of Heavy Oil Upgrading
Published in Cesar Ovalles, Subsurface Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils and Bitumen, 2019
Several analytical techniques have been used for the determination of olefins and diolefins in petroleum-containing compounds. This topic has been the subject of several reviews since 1992 [Badoni et al. 1992, Kaminski et al. 2005, deAndrade et al. 2010, Carbongnani 2015]. Two methods have gained wide acceptance. Those are the Bromine number determination and olefin in crude oils by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR). The first method was initially applied to distillates < 315°C and has been modified for fractions boiling up to 550°C [Lubeck and Cook 1992]. Bromine number analysis is significantly influenced by structural effect and by the presence of heteroatoms from small molecular weight compounds [Ceballo et al. 1998]. This method can provide olefins contents in wt. % and/or vol. %.
Rubber-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Published in István Benedek, Mikhail M. Feldstein, Technology of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Products, 2008
Degree of Unsaturation. Unsaturation accounts for the existence of double carbon–carbon bonds in resins. It is generally indicated by the bromine or iodine number. Both methods are based on the halogen addition to the double carbon–carbon bonds. Bromine number: ASTM D 1159-84. The bromine number is defined as the amount of bromine in grams accepted by 100 g of resin. Typical values are as follows. Nonreactive resins: 10–45 g Br2/100 g resin.Reactive resins: 55–75 g Br2/100 g resin.Highly reactive resins: 65–100 g Br2/100 g resin.Iodine number: ASTM 1959–69. The iodine number is defined as the amount of iodine in grams accepted by 100 g of resin.
Polybutenes
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Maryann Casserino, Yves Lambert, Anthony Simoens
The bromine number determination by the IP 129, Determination of Bromine Number – Color Indicator Titration Method gives a measure of the amount of carbon–carbon double-bond unsaturation per unit weight of material. Polybutenes contain one double bond at the end of each polymer chain. The drop in bromine number with increasing molecular weight of polybutene reflects the lower level of double bonds per unit weight of material.
Studying the process of diesel fuel catalytic dewaxing using the unsteady mathematical model
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2020
Nataliya Belinskaya, Evgeniya Frantsina, Aleksey Lutsenko, Natalia Belozertseva, Emiliya Ivanchina
The values of the coefficients a and b were found on the basis of the C/H ratio and the weight distribution of hydrocarbons in the respective groups. The weight content of olefins was determined using the bromine index and the boiling point of 50% fraction according to ISO 3839:1996 “Petroleum products – Determination of bromine number of distillates and aliphatic olefins – Electrometric method.” The contents of naphthenes and i-paraffins were defined by the subtraction of the content of n-paraffins, aromatics and olefins from one hundred percent. The experimental values of the weight content of n-paraffins, aromatic hydrocarbons, olefins were found by the standard methods, such as MVI-11-83-03 “A technique for measuring the mass fraction of individual paraffinic hydrocarbons and their fractions in streams and media of the technological processes of n-paraffins extraction by the chromatographic method” and EN 12916-2012 “Petroleum products. Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in middle distillates. High performance liquid chromatography method with refractive index detection.” The error of calculating the hydrocarbons content does not exceed the error of experimental methods of the composition determination. Thus, the developed technique is valid and applicable in the range of composition change in industry.