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Microbial Bioconversion of Agro-Waste Biomass into Useful Phenolic Compounds
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Bhabjit Pattnaik, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Padan Kumar Jena, Hara Prasad Sahoo
Bioconversion, otherwise known as biotransformation or microbial trans- formation, is the transformation of organic resources like plant or animal waste utilizing biological methods involving living organisms or some microorganisms, detritivores, or enzymes into energy sources and/or usable products. It broadly refers to the processes which involve the conversion of organic compounds into structurally-related products by microorganisms. In other words, bioconversion deals with microbial (enzymatic) conversion of a substrate into product(s) with a limited number (one or a few) of enzymatic reactions. Microorganisms possess the inherent capability to enzymatically transform a wide array of organic compounds. These microbes during the bioconversion provide enzymes that act upon and convert the organic compounds into other compounds or modify them. Although there are hundreds of bio-conversions known, only a few selected ones are useful for the synthesis of commercially important products.
Feedstock Integration in the Refinery
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
On the other hand, the bioconversion platform typically uses a combination of physical or chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to convert lignocellulose into its component monomers. This platform (examples are anaerobic digestion and fermentation) uses biological agents to carry out a structured deconstruction of lignocellulose components and combines process elements of pretreatment with enzymatic hydrolysis to release carbohydrates and lignin from the wood. The advantage of the bioconversion platform is that it provides a range of intermediate products, including glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose, which can be relatively easily processed into value-added bioproducts. The bioconversion platform also generates a quantity of lignin or lignin components; depending upon the pretreatment, lignin components may be found in the hydrolysate after enzymatic hydrolysis, or in the wash from the pretreatment stage.
Bioprocessing of Agrofood Industrial Wastes for the Production of Bacterial Exopolysaccharide
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
J. Kanimozhi, V. Sivasubramanian, Anant Achary, M. Vasanthi, Steffy P. Vinson, R. Sivashankar
Bioprocessing involves the complete use of microorganisms for the manufacture of valuable products and the bioconversion of valuable waste resources to build a sustainable future. Bioprocessing agrowaste using microorganisms is an alternative way to address this problem. Through the development of new innovations, different bioprocesses are employed in the utilization of agrowaste residues in various products. Using harsh chemical and physical processes to synthesize value-added products from waste resources becomes an expensive, hazardous, and nonrenewable proposition. Term related to using wastes through bioprocessing includes the following: Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, which facilitates the conversion of organic matter such as plant or animal waste into appropriate commodities or bioenergies by biological processes or agents such as microorganismsBiorefinery, which is a concept related to transforming waste biomass into value-added chemicals, power, and fuelsBiotransformation, which involves microorganisms modifying chemical compounds
Optimization of chemical solution concentration and exposure time in the alkaline pretreatment applied to sugarcane bagasse for methane production
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
P. V. Remor, J. A. Bastos, J. H. L. Alino, L. M. Frare, P. Kaparaju, T. Edwiges
The growing demand for renewable alternatives to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels has been increasing the investigations on bioenergy production [1,2]. Sugarcane is the main substrate for commercial sugar and ethanol, with considerable potential as a renewable resource for bioenergy, with significant production in Brazil, United States, China, Thailand and the European Union. Brazil is the world’s largest sugarcane producer, with 620 million tons in the 2018/2019 growing season, representing 40% of the global production. Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is one the main by-product of the sugar-energy industry, making up to 28% of the plant [3]. Due to the excessive production, only 50% of the bagasse is reused to supply energy needs or for animal feed [4]. The bioconversion of SB into biofuels is beneficial from both environmental and economic aspects, promoting value generation to residues as well as minimizing greenhouse gas emissions [1].
Life-cycle assessment-based comparison of different lignocellulosic ethanol production routes
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Govind Murali, Yogendra Shastri
Eight pre-treatment techniques are considered, namely dilute acid (DA), liquid hot water (LHW), steam explosion (STEX), ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), wet oxidation (WO), ionic liquid (IL), organosolvent (OS) and lime (LIME) (Figure S1). The pre-treatment stage results in two streams: a solid stream which carries only polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) and a liquid stream which carries only monosaccharides (glucose and xylose). Depending on the pre-treatment, the process for conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to monomers in the pre-treatment stage differs. The solids are sent to hydrolysis and fermentation, together termed bioconversion. The four configurations for bioconversion considered are sequential hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), sequential hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF), and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) (Figure S2). This classification is based on whether the hydrolysis and fermentation are conducted in one or two reactors and whether xylose is fermented separately or with glucose in the same fermenter. The output of this bioconversion step is ethanol in dilute form. Ethanol recovery and separation steps are required to produce the final ethanol product [24]. Four distillation columns are used for separation. The distillate of the first and second column gives 45% and 90% ethanol, respectively. Azeotropic distillation is required to separate close to pure, fuel-grade ethanol. Emission of degradation products such as furfural and acetic acid, and the production of raw materials such as dilute sulfuric acid, lime, and ammonia, are also considered in the system boundary.
Lignocellulose derived functional oligosaccharides: production, properties, and health benefits
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Latika Bhatia, Ashutosh Sharma, Rakesh K. Bachheti, Anuj K. Chandel
Biorefineries and industrial biotechnology have a potential role in driving the financially inclusive growth of society.[21] Under the lignocellulose biorefinery domain, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin (three major components of biomass) are promising shareholders that efficiently contribute toward the overall advancement of comprehensive bio-economy.[17] The biomass type, genetic origin, cultivation, climate/weather, and soil conditions are the important factors that determine the composition of these three primary components.[22] Cellulose is a linear homo-polysaccharide of anhydrous glucopyranose-molecules, linked by β-1, 4-glycosidic bonds.[23] Native crystalline insoluble cellulose consists of tightly packed, hydrogen bonded anhydrous-glucose chains of 15 to 10,000 glucose units. Elementary microfibrils are linked to each other via hydrogen bonds in cellulose polymer. On the other hand, different sugars are attached to each other in non-linear form by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions in hemicellulose. Finally, the hemicellulose structure is covered by lignin. Many microfibrils are united to develop bundles or macrofibrils.[24] This crystalline form limits the accession of enzymes and, thereby limiting the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The close linkage between cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin develops a very complex structure which impairs the accessibility of cellulase or any catalytic agent eventually affecting the cellulose and hemicellulose conversion to their constituents.[25] Due to the inherent complexity and strong cross-linkages, cellulose is resistant to both biological and chemical treatments. Bioconversion of biomass into novel bioproducts is an important area of research in biotechnology.[26]