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Water − state of the resource
Published in Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena, Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources for Civil Engineers, 2021
Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena
Water and energy are closely linked. Energy is required for providing water services, and water resources are required for the production of energy. They have a symbiotic relationship. All services in the water sector, such as pumping and distribution of water (including lift irrigation), water supply, wastewater treatment and desalination require energy. The energy sector also requires water to cool thermal power plants, generate hydropower and grow biofuels. Energy production comes from fossil fuel, nuclear fuel, hydro power, geothermal, wind, tidal and solar power. Of this hydro power is the largest renewable source for power generation in the world meeting about 16% of global electricity needs. Approximately 90% of global energy production is water intensive. In addition to hydropower, other forms of energy production except geothermal and photovoltaic require water for steam production and cooling purposes. With increasing demand for energy, there is an indirect increasing demand for water.
Production of Clean Energy from Cyanobacterial Biochemical Products
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, International Solutions to Sustainable Energy, Policies and Applications, 2020
Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy comes from natural resources (i.e., wind, sunlight, gravity, heat from the earth and biomass materials) that are environmentally benign. Using these resources to supply our energy needs will not only meet global energy demand, it will further support sustainability by lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The development and use of renewable energy provides benefits to the world’s nations including incremental energy production, environmental protection, and reduced pollution. Renewable energy sources such as solar (thermal or photovoltaic), wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal energy constitute the most common sustainable sources of energy. The characteristics of specific energy resources can be evaluated in terms of sustainability indicators [2]. In 2006, sustainable energies represented about 18% of the global total energy consumption [33]. They substitute for traditional fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, petroleum, etc.) providing power generation, heating and transportation fuels. Due to its common use in developing countries for local energy supplies, biomass represents a major source of renewable energy constituting as much as 75% of the renewable energy used today [18,19].
Electrochemical Energy Systems and Efficient Utilization of Abundant Natural Gas
Published in Sheila Devasahayam, Kim Dowling, Manoj K. Mahapatra, Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors, 2016
Manoj K. Mahapatra, Boxun Hu, Prabhakar Singh
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has projected that the world’s energy demand will increase from about 12 billion t.o.e. (ton oil equivalents) in 2009 to 17–18 billion t.o.e. by 2035. Carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase from 29 gigatonnes (Gt)/year to 36–43 Gt/year (International Energy Agency in World Energy Outlook, 2011; Chu and Majumdar, 2012). Conventional energy production and consumption of fossil fuels have significant environmental impact due to emission of greenhouse gases, organic volatile matter, and particulate matters, leading to health hazards and global climate change. An estimate for the global climate change around 2050 is given in Table 27.1 (Stambouli, 2011). Air pollution costs more than 1,700,000 deaths each year worldwide.
Techno-economic analysis and wind resource assessment for Odisha, India using reanalysis and 80 m mast measurements: a preliminary assessment for policy-makers
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Renewable energy, especially wind and solar energy, is perceived to be the solution to the current energy crisis and the environmental impact of fossil fuel-based energy production. Amongst the renewable and non-conventional energy sources, wind energy is the most prevalent across the world (Arshad and O’Kelly 2019). It is also one of the widely accepted non-conventional energy sources in the Indian power sector. The share of wind power in India is about 10% which is 38 GW of 372 GW installed capacity (Central Electricity Authority 2020). Wind-solar hybrid systems can replace the old wind turbines and provide many economic advantages by re-powering rural communities. However, wind resource at a location is highly unpredictable and this results in uncertainty in policy formation and technical operation of wind-integrated power systems (Bastin et al. 2021). Nevertheless, the first estimate of wind energy potential is helpful in the formation of a wind energy policy. These estimates can also be helpful in assessing the sustainable development contribution of the wind plants (Hernández, González, and Fernández-Blanco 2019). While evaluating the impact of embedded wind power in electrical grids, estimates of wind power characteristics can provide novel insights into these contributions (Samal and Tripathy 2019).
Breaking Out of a Niche: Lessons for SMRs from Sustainability Transitions Studies
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2021
Mariia Iakovleva, Jeremy Rayner, Ken Coates
Third, for the purpose of this paper, case studies were divided into energy and nonenergy categories depending on the nature of the case studies. The energy category includes different types of energy production (hydrogen, biofuels, etc.), energy efficiency technology and methods, renewable energy technology (wind, solar, biomass), and transport (electric, hybrid vehicles, and others). The nonenergy category encompasses agriculture, infrastructure (eco-industrial parks), the information technology sector (eVoting system), and wastewater management. After this further screening, there were 77 case studies on energy and 24 on nonenergy for TIS, and 86 case studies on energy and 43 on nonenergy for SNM (see Fig. 5).
A novel estimation chart method based on capacity value calculated by using energy pattern factor to determine rated wind speed
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
In recent years, the biggest environmental problem in the world is the increase in the amount of harmful gases in the atmosphere (CO2, CO, and NOx) and the global warming caused by the greenhouse effect (Bilgen 2014). The most appropriate method that will reduce this problem is giving priority to the renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are identified as the sources that will enable continuous energy production without depletion in the long term. Therefore, renewable energy sources are classified as wind, solar, hydraulic, geothermal, biomass, and wave energy, which are preferred anywhere in the world due to their natural, clean, and sustainable properties.