China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical and Health Consequences of Particle/Vapor Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Their Derivatives
Published in Douglas A. Lane, Gas and Particle Phase Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds, 2020
Humans are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons primarily by ingestion and inhalation routes [21]. There has developed in human exposure studies an interesting data dichotomy. The largest data base collected for a single PAH is that for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) [22, 23]. The reasons for this are fairly straightforward. First, benzo-[a]pyrene is a relatively strong carcinogen [22]. Second, as noted earlier, B[a]P is virtually entirely collected on the particulate phase and, thus, backup using PUF is unimportant for BaP studies. Third, the unusual thin layer chromatographic (TLC) properties of BaP combined with its strong long wave fluorescence allowed it to be singled out relatively early from the complex mixture usually considered now to number some 200 PAH and alkyl derivatives of PAH at measurable concentration (e.g. 0.01 ng/m3).
Effects of Bioremediation on Toxicity, Mutagenesis, and Microbiota in Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soils
Published in Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Remediation of Hazardous Waste Contaminated Soils, 2018
Most of the studies to date have focused on the effects of individual mutagenic hydrocarbons. For example, the mutagenic metabolites of benzene have been extensively studied in mammalian systems. It has been suggested that catechol and hydroquinone may be the metabolites that mediate the biological activity of benzene.39 Phenanthrene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon that contains a bay-region, and thus its structure resembles that of more condensed carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene itself, however, was shown to be inactive or only weakly mutagenic in the Salmonella–mammalian microsomal assay system.40 Benzo(a)pyrene is one of the most intensely studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, since it is an ubiquitous environmental pollutant, and when metabolically activated, it is cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-dihydrodiol-9, 10-epoxide is highly mutagenic toward bacterial and mammalian cells and has been implicated as the ultimate carcinogen formed from benzo(a)pyrene.41–43
Physical Properties of Individual Groundwater Chemicals
Published in John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton, Environmental Chemicals Desk Reference, 2017
John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton
Source: Identified in Kuwait and South Louisiana crude oils at concentrations of 2.8 and 0.75 ppm, respectively (Pancirov and Brown, 1975). Emitted to the environment from coke production, coal refuse and forest fires, motor vehicle exhaust, and heat and power (utility) generation (Suess, 1976). Benzo[a]pyrene is produced from combustion of tobacco and fuels. It is also a component of gasoline (133–143 μg/L), fresh motor oil (20–100 g/kg), used motor oil (83.2–242.4 mg/kg), asphalt (≤0.0027 wt%), coal tar pitch (≤1.25 wt%), cigarette smoke (25 μg/1,000 cigarettes), and gasoline exhaust (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). Detected in asphalt fumes at an average concentration of 14.72 ng/m3 (Wang et al., 2001). Benzo[a]pyrene was also detected in liquid paraffin at an average concentration of 25 μg/kg (Nakagawa et al., 1978).
Genotoxicity of quinone: An insight on DNA adducts and its LC-MS-based detection
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yue Xiong, Han Yeong Kaw, Lizhong Zhu, Wei Wang
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a representative and potent PAH lung carcinogen that exists in cigarette smoke (Barnwal et al., 2018). B[a]P has a complex metabolite activation pathway to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione (B[a]P-7,8-Dione, B[a]PQ) by the following steps (Xu et al., 2009). First, B[a]P is metabolized by cytochrome P4501A1/1B1 enzyme to B[a]P-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (B[a]PDE). The epoxide functional group of BPDE can either rearrange to yield a phenol, or undergoes hydrolysis by epoxide hydrolase before further converting into the corresponding dihydrodiol intermediate B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol (B[a]POH) under aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) catalytic process (Penning et al., 1999). Finally, B[a]PQ is produced by the oxidation of B[a]POH (Park et al., 2008). B[a]PQ is not only produced in vivo or in vitro, but it can be formed via ultraviolet light in the airborne particulates (Li et al., 2012).
Exposure to fire smoke in fire training structures: A prospective observational study
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Alexandre Allonneau, Samuel Mercier, Fanny Rieunier, Anne Menguy-Fleuriot, Catherine Louyot, Marc Duvollet, Guillaume Burlaton, Anne Nicolas, Romain Jouffroy, Bertrand Prunet
PAHs: 95th percentile of the highest value of the 3 cities in the RIOPA study (Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air) and, for benzo[a]pyrene only, the European Union (EU) target value and the maximum concentration recommended by the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM):Pyrene: 95th percentile of RIOPA study, 7.1 ng/m³.5Benzo[a]pyrene: 95th percentile of RIOPA study, 0.45 ng/m³; air quality standards for protecting human health from European Environment Agency (EU target value), 1 ng/m³; maximum concentration recommended by the CNAM, 150 ng/m³.7,12
Multiple-time contamination of benzo(a)pyrene in soils inhibits soil enzymatic activities
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2018
Gaofei Ge, Hongjian Gao, Bin Zheng
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large and heterogeneous group of organic contaminants that are formed and emitted as a result of the incomplete combustion of organic material. PAHs are of great environmental concern because of their strong carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and toxicity [1]. The primary pathway of soil PAH contamination is by gradually entering the soil surface through dry and wet deposition (gaseous- and particulate-bound), and the agricultural use of sludge and sewage irrigation also has a certain contribution to soil PAH accumulation [2]. Therefore, the contamination of soil by PAHs actually occurs in a low-dose cumulative manner [3]. When PAHs enter soils, the microbiota, soil enzymatic activity, respiration intensity, biomass and microbial counts are adversely affected, which are most often used for indicating the general condition of soil microorganisms [4–6]. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a model PAH compound, is widely distributed in various environmental media. Because of the physicochemical properties, B[a]P is classified as a highly mutagenic and carcinogenic compound [7] and is considered an important environmental contaminant given its documented environmental persistence and toxicity [8].