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Reduction
Published in Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2018
Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber
The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of benzidine is well documented (Ames et al., 1975). Although reduction of Direct Red 28 has been observed in anoxic sediment-water systems, the accumulation of benzidine did not occur because secondary reactions result in its irreversible binding to the sediment (Weber, 1991). It is interesting to note that though Direct Red 28 has considerable water solubility, it is sorbed significantly to the sediment. The enhancement of sorption observed with decreasing pH and the addition of inorganic salts is consistent with an anion-adsorption mechanism. Studies of pH-amended sediment-water systems demonstrated that degradation was inhibited when the dyes were strongly bound to the sediment.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Benzidine is a white, grayish-yellow, or slightly reddish crystalline solid or powder. The major use for benzidine is in the production of dyes, especially azo dyes in the leather, textile, and paper industries, as a synthetic precursor in the preparation and manufacture of dyestuffs. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes and rubber, as a reagent, and as a stain in microscopy. It is slightly soluble and slowly changes from a solid to a gas.
Chemical Exposure and Cancer
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Benzidine is an aromatic amine used as an intermediate in the production of dyes and associated with the development of human bladder cancer. An estimated 2,200 workers are potentially exposed to benzidine. The annual production of benzidine has decreased significantly in the United States in the past several years.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
As early as in nineteenth century, it was suspected that people exposed to carcinogenic aromatic amines in the dyestuff industry were likely to develop bladder cancer, and in 1954 the cause of bladder tumors in the workers of in the dye industry was established to be 2-naphthylamine (Chequer, Dorta, & de Oliveira, 2011). Among various azo dyes, benzidine-based dyes were found to be harmful to human health. Workers required to handle benzidine in the production of such dyes were detected with bladder cancer on prolonged exposure to the aryl amine. By the end of the 1960s it was more or less accepted that benzidine is carcinogenic in nature and hence in 1971, the major colourant manufacturers in Germany voluntarily agreed to cease the production and marketing of azo dyes based on benzidine (Geisberger, 1997). Dyestuff manufacturers in Japan, Italy and the US also voluntarily abandoned the manufacture of such dyes in early 1970s, however, due to economic and technical merits of benzidine-based dyes, the manufacture of these dyes continued for some time in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, India and the Far East. Later benzidine-based dyes were banned throughout the world and are now completely out of use; for example, India banned the dyes with effect from 30 January 1993 (Shenai, 1997a).
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Benzidine is an aromatic amine with a long history of use in the production of dyes, particularly azo dyes used for wool, cotton and leather. Industrial production was phased out in the 1960s, with bans on its use in many countries. Most exposure is from occupational contact. The general public may have low exposure through contact with consumer goods that contain azo-based dyes. Benzidine produces bladder cancer.