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Honey Bee Farming for Sustainable Rural Livelihood
Published in Rohini Prasad, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources, 2021
I. Merlin Kamala, I. Isaac Devanand
Proteins and peptides constitute the bee venom. The role of bee venom in Apitherapy or bee sting therapy is more practiced in many countries of the world such as India, China, Egypt, etc. (Urtubey, 2005). The venom is present in the bee sac will be injured naturally injected using the sting, if the bees are disturbed. The bee venom can be collected artificially using a bee extractor by using a mild current; the bees try to sting as they get irritated by the current flow, and venom is collected in the process. The leading producer of bee venom is USA producing 3 kg venom in the past approximately 25 years (Mraz, 1982). Apitherapy is an olden traditional medical practice in countries such as India for curing joint pains where bees are made to sting the patient by holding the bee from its wing with thumb and index (Abrol, 2012). The venom collected can be used in subcutaneous injections or ointment preparations. Apitoxin, Vaseline, and salicylic acid (1:10:1) are mixed for ointment preparation and applied on affected areas. The salicylic acid has the capability to make the skin soft and hence find place in soft creams (Mishra, 1995).
Liposomal Nanomedicines
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Mansoor M Amiji, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2011
Liposomes as a dosage form allow for a broad variety of administration routes. In addition to the most traditional and frequent parenteral (intravenous) way of administration, some alternative approaches are also developed or under development, although each of these approaches has its own problems and limitations. Thus, oral administration requires high liposome stability and drug delivery from the gut to the blood with subsequent drug release.375 Early attempts with polymerized liposomes as potential oral vaccine carriers376 were only partially successful. Currently, many alternative schemes are under development. Chitosan-coated insulin liposomes were shown to cause hypoglycemic effect in mice upon oral administration.377 Liposomes made with addition of gangliosides GM1 and GM type III are stable in different biological media and can survive the GI tract.378 PEG-coated liposomes were used for oral delivery of recombinant human epidermal growth factor for gastric ulcer healing.336 Hypocalcemic effect of liposomal salmon calcitonin upon oral administration was shown in Ref. 379 PEG-liposomes are also considered for oral vaccines — ovalbumin in PEG-coated liposomes induces the best mucosal immune response of all carriers tested.380 To improve protein and peptide bioavailability via the oral route, oral colon-specific drug delivery system for bee venom peptide was developed based on coated alginate gel beads-entrapped liposomes.381
The garden
Published in Michael Allaby, Conservation at Home, 2019
Before you decide to keep bees, you must make sure that neither you nor any member of the family or close neighbours are allergic to bee venom. A bee sting is no more than mildly irritating to most people, but anyone who reacts badly to it can become seriously ill or even die.
Effects of freeze-drying and microwave vacuum freeze-drying on the activity of IgY: From the perspective of protein structure
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Zhe Wang, Xu Duan, Linlin Li, Guangyue Ren, Tiantian Wu, Junliang Chen, Yuan Ang, Jingfang Guo, Mengyue Zhao
Immunoglobulin of yolk (IgY), a natural polyclonal antibody, is an immunoglobulin commonly found in birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It usually transfers and accumulates from chicken serum to egg yolk, providing acquired immunity to chicks.[1] IgY is like a phylogenetic progenitor of mammalian immunoglobulin E (IgE), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) but it has advantages of low cost and is more in line with ethical issues such as animal welfare.[2] Immunization of hens leads to the transfer of specific antibodies to egg yolks, making eggs a source of oral IgY for humans.[3] When used as a therapeutic antibody, IgY will not bind to the human complement system or Fc receptors, reducing the risk of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). IgY is currently used in a variety of commercial foods, such as yogurt, candies, etc., which plays a role in passive immunization or prevention of human diseases caused by pathogens. Leiva et al reported that the use of IgY instead of mammalian polyclonal antibodies could neutralize the bee venom in vivo.[4] Furthermore, IgY has a broad role and potential value in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the COVID-19 epidemic.[1]
Molecularly imprinted nanoparticles with recognition properties towards diphtheria toxin for ELISA applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Süleyman Serdar Alkanlı, Fulya Dal Yöntem, Merve Yaşar, Celal Güven, M. Vezir Kahraman, Nilhan Kayaman Apohan, Zerrin Aktaş, Mustafa Oral Öncül, Ayhan Ünlü, Handan Akçakaya
There are two main problems encountered in the preparation of biomacromolecule imprinted materials. The first is the denaturation of proteins or peptides during the imprinting process. To avoid this problem, the reactions and imprinting process must be carried out under physiological conditions (neutral pH, aqueous medium and room temperature) [31]. The second problem is slow mass transfer. Although molecular imprinting has recently been used for biomacromolecular targets such as peptides and proteins, imprinting problems have not been completely overcome [31–33]. Therefore, there is an increasing interest for epitope imprinting approach in current studies. Shea et al. used a plastic antibody against the bee venom mellitin (26 amino acids) to treat mice infected with mellitin for the first time, adding a new dimension to molecular imprinting applications [34]. Our template molecule is DT (535 amino acids), which has a much larger molecular weight than mellitin. In another study using epitope imprinting, boronate affinity-anchored epitopes used as a template for imprinting of β2-Microglobulin (B2M) containing 99 amino acids and myoglobin (Mb) containing 153 amino acids [12]. Other researchers have immobilized hemoglobin (Hb) on silica nanoparticles and then fragmented by trypsin digestion. HB-selective MIPs was synthesized by imprinting the peptides obtained by washing after digestion [10]. In our study, we preferred the miniemulsion polymerization technique by the surface imprinting method. The main reason for this choice is the miniemulsion technique is that it eliminates the problems of other conventional emulsion polymerizations such as water dissolution and transport of reactants through the aqueous phase. Moreover, during the miniemulsion polymerization reaction time, under ideal conditions, the monomer drops are small in size, homogeneous and kinetically stable.