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Recent Advancement in Microbial Enzymes and Their Industrial Applications
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Pankaj Bhatt, Sajjad Ahmad, Samiksha Joshi, Kalpana Bhatt
In the leather industry, biodegradable enzymes have proven to be an effective alternative. For millennia, microbial enzymes have aided in the improvement of leather quality at many stages of leather processing, which involves tanning, curing, plucking, degreasing, liming, soaking, dehairing, and bating (Adrio and Demain, 2014). Dehairing is the most important and time-consuming process in leather manufacturing, and it requires a variety of enzymes including lipases, amylases, and proteases to make the process eco-friendly. This lessens the need for harsh chemicals, such as lime, sulfide, and amines (De Souza and Gutterres, 2012). In the soaking, bating, and liming processes, enzymes such as proteases and lipases are utilized (Jridi et al., 2014). Few proteases (like Clarizyme®) are obtained from A. flavus, Bacillus sp., and Streptomyces sp. have been employed for enzymatic dehairing operations of skin and hides. Proteolytic enzymes from bacteria are employed in the bating process to produce soft, flexible leather, which is used to make handbags and gloves. In the tannery, a variety of microbial lipases have been utilized to remove grease for successful dyeing and finishing.
Proteases in Leather Processing
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Vasudeo P. Zambare, Smita S. Nilegaonkar
To make leather pliable, the hides and skins require an enzymatic treatment before tanning known as bating. During bating, scud is loosened and other unwanted proteins are removed. Bating de-swells swollen pelts and prepares leather for tanning. It makes the grain surface of the finished leather clean, smooth and fine (Nilegaonkar et al., 2006, 2007a, 2007b; Zambare et al., 2010). Traditional methods for bating employed manure of dog, pigeon or hen. These were very unpleasant, unreliable and slow methods (Puvankrishnan and Dhar, 1988). Bating with enzymes is an indispensable operation of leather processing to obtain best quality of leather and it cannot be substituted with a chemical process. Biotechnical developments in science have now completely replaced these methods with those using of industrial enzymes.
Tannery Wastewater
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
After the deliming process, bating is carried out to remove the unwanted components including short hair, proteinous products, epidermis and scud from the pelts. For this, proteolytic enzymes mostly trypsin is applied, which especially removes the interfibrillar proteins; providing proper grain texture to the leather and is helpful in achieving softness and flexibility to the finished leather. Further pelts are thoroughly washed, to remove the salts formed in the deliming and bating process.
Leather-like materials by cellular agriculture
Published in Textile Progress, 2023
Dana Wilson, Olga Tsigkou, Lucy Bosworth, Celina Jones
In addition to the collagen framework utilised in leather, animal skin contains fatty flesh, keratin and non-structural interfibrillar proteins, such as globulins (Sharphouse, 1995f). Liming removes these components from hides in traditional leather manufacture. If untreated, the different protein structures would resist collagen tanning and the resultant leather would have an uneven finish. Typically, hides are pre-soaked in water, then an alkaline solution of calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfide initiates hydrolysis of hair and interfibrillar proteins (Covington, 2011d). Prior to tanning, the hide needs to be neutralised with acid, often sulfuric, during deliming. Further acid pickling attains the optimum pH for tanning. Care is taken not to leave hides at a high pH for too long though, as this can allow hydrolysis of peptide bonds within the collagen itself (Hofman, Hall, Cleaver, & Marshall, 2011). Prior to tanning, hides may also be softened during bating to improve tannin penetration.
Greener approach for goat skin tanning
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Tolera Seda Badessa, Mihret Tekalign Hailemariam, Shegaw Mohammed Ahmed
Goatskin used for tanning was collected from semi-processed skin that was passed through soaking, liming, deliming, bating and degreasing processes at LIDI workshop. From this, the experimental portion (5 × 2 mm) of the part was taken and made ready for the next step (tanning).