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Crude Oil
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
The high cost—way above the cost of any of the conventional technologies—and the environmental concerns promise to keep the CTL technology in the closet for a long time to come. Biomass-to-Liquids (BTL) advantage is that here biofuels are produced by processing natural organic materials, most of which are renewable, instead of using fossils (organic material that has been decomposed and compressed over millions of years).
Renewable fuels for aviation
Published in Frank Fichert, Peter Forsyth, Hans-Martin Niemeier, Aviation and Climate Change, 2020
The BtL technology is based on the generation of syngas (synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) via gasification of biogenic carbonaceous feedstock and subsequent FT synthesis, as schematically depicted in Figure 3.3. The raw FT product, often termed FT crude, is hydroprocessed to saturate all C-C bonds, to maximize yields of the desired product fractions and to adjust the ratio of branched and linear alkanes. For more detailed information on Fischer-Tropsch technologies, refer to the existing rich literature, e.g., Steynberg and Dry (2004) or de Klerk (2011).
Electricity generation
Published in Sven Ruin, Göran Sidén, Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
Two other types of synthetic diesel are gas-to-liquid (GTL) and biomass-to-liquid (BTL), which can be produced by a Fischer-Tropsch process and have similar fuel properties as HVO. All these are synthetic paraffinic fuels (unlike FAME, which is an ester produced in a different way).
A critical review of separation technologies in lignocellulosic biomass conversion to liquid transportation fuels production processes
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
Paola Ibarra-Gonzalez, Lars Porskjaer Christensen, Ben-Guang Rong
Moreover, the separation technologies not only have an effect in the final production costs but also in the process configuration, product distribution and final product profiles. In recent studies, there has been limited research on the separation technologies involved in the thermochemical based biorefineries, also known as biomass-to-liquid (BtL) processes, as the majority of the work has focused on the reactor operation and design, as well as on the thermochemical products upgrading to advanced biofuels and chemicals. Likewise, experimental and review works have focused mainly on the thermochemical conversion technologies and on the production of biofuels like syngas, biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol and biobutanol (Callegari et al. 2020; Ong et al. 2019). Therefore, the synthesis, design and modeling of BtL separation technologies should be considered as a critical step since it plays a key role in the design of the total BtL processes. On the other hand, their synthesis and design depend on the characterization of the feedstocks and reactor effluent mixtures from thermochemical technologies.
A review on the production and physicochemical properties of renewable diesel and its comparison with biodiesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rashi Koul, Naveen Kumar, R.C Singh
The multi-step process or a two-step process (Mccormick and Alleman 2003) where a solid organic waste or biomass is converted into a liquid is called biomass to liquid technique. It includes pyrolysis, FT, and catalytic process. FT is the most promising process to transform organic wastes into transportation fuel. The biomass is transformed into the syngas which is a combination of CO and H2 (Crepeau, Gaillard, and Schaberg 2018; Ferreira et al. 2017; Yoon 2009). From this process, high-quality FT fuels are synthesized. The FT process can polymerize the syngas into diesel-range HCs. BTL has an advantage that it can utilize the complete plant be it plant oil, sugar, starch, or cellulose (Bezergianni 2013; Napolitano et al. 2018). Catalytic hydrotreatment of organic material transforms the triglycerides or lipids into HC range at elevated temperatures and pressures. An examination was conducted by the Department of Agriculture and Department of Energy in the United States to conclude that the United States can create in any event 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic biomass every year without lessening the amount of biomass required for our nourishment, creature feed, or exports (Huber and Dale 2009; Stephen et al. 2008). The wet biomass can undergo four different types of chemical reactions through the catalytic hydrotreatment process. They are as follows.
Energy from biomass and plastics recycling: a review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Samuel Oluwafikayo Adegoke, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni, Chiebuka Timothy Nnodim, Ayokunle Olubusayo Balogun, Olugbenga Adebanjo Falode, Seun Olawumi Adetona
Another type of biofuel is biodiesel, hydro-treated vegetable oil (HVO), and BTL (biomass to liquid fuels) (Charter, 2009). Biodiesel has increased in recent times by 4% (Kumar et al., 2018). Biodiesel is a renewable source of energy. It is non-toxic mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids with high flash point, high cetane value, and calorific value (Das et al., 2018). It has no sulphur, no aromatic material, and can be useful for the external phase of drilling mud due to the presence of asphaltenes and resins, which are important properties for its effectiveness (Oghenejoboh et al., 2013). However, a three double bond present in the ester may oxidize or polymerize. This could result in the creation of more acid or sludge in the fuel (Charter, 2009). Biodiesel has its source from vegetable oil, algae, soybean through the esterification process and has the capacity to recycle carbon dioxide (Rodionova et al., 2016). The properties of both biodiesel and petrol diesel are comparable; however, the viscosity and density of biodiesel could be higher as a result of glycerin content. The un-esterified portion of oil has high viscosity with a large branched molecular structure, while the esterified sample has straight-chain molecules, and free fatty acid contents (Oseh et al., 2019). They also have issues like poor thermal stability, low-energy density, low oxidation stability, too high viscosity, and formation of hydrolysis either in alkaline or acidic phase (Senthilkumar et al., 2018). They attack elastic materials used during completion and downhole drilling (Gonca & Dobrucali, 2016). They could form carboxylic acids and alcohol when the esters react with water at high temperature in alkaline presence (Ismail et al., 2014). The cost of biodiesel production is high because they are produced from the use of chemicals, which makes the cost of operation very high. It is also used by blending with/without diesel from petroleum-based products (Papari & Hawboldt, 2015). Dimethyl ether has also been used in percentage blend with biodiesel and diesel for use in CI engine (Kumar et al., 2018). However, the blending of biodiesel with other products must ensure that the standard properties of the oil have not change. Biodiesel is characterized in terms of cloud point, density, cetane value, acid value, iodine value, volatility, and gross heat of consumption (Chyuan & Silitonga, 2020). Iodine value, which is a function of unsaturated fats, helps to determine oxidation stability level (Abdullah et al., 2013). For instance, Malaysia’s iodine value of jatropha is 135.85 mg/g, while that of Nigeria is 105.20 mg/g. The unsaturated fatty acid of Malaysia and Nigeria jatropha is 72.70% and 78.95%, respectively (Abdullah et al., 2013). Sunflower, soybean, and some other unsaturated oils have good iodine number (maximum of 130) because of the presence of linoleic acid (a function of methyl ester plant giving the oil a high freezing point and high oxygen stability).