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Occupational toxicology of the liver
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
In testing for liver damage, the activity of a range of enzymes may be measured (RCPA 1990) as described below. Alanine transaminase (ALT), formerly known as SGPT (serum-GPT), is used in the investigation of hepatocellular (liver cell) damage.Aspartate transaminase (AST), formerly known as SGOT (serum-GOT), is a specific liver enzyme used in the investigation of hepatocellular (liver cell) disease.Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is used in the investigation of hepatobiliary (liver and bile ducts) disease. ALP is not one enzyme but a group of enzymes with broad substrate specificity – it may be raised in other conditions not related to liver injury, such as bone or gastrointestinal tract conditions.γ-Glutamyl transaminase (GGT), used in the investigation of liver disease, particularly cholestasis (suppression of the flow of bile). This enzyme is often increased with chronic intake of alcohol, some therapeutic drugs and some occupational exposures (for example trinitrotoluene).Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) is a liver enzyme specific for hepatocytes, but it is unstable and usually elevated for only very short periods.Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) is a hepatocellular mitochondrial enzyme that is a sensitive marker of hepatic damage, although analysis of this enzyme is difficult and is not used routinely.Once the specificity of liver injury is established, lactate dehydrogenase (LD) is used to investigate the progress of liver disease.
Acute physiological, endocrine, biochemical and performance responses associated with amateur boxing: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Mitchell J. Finlay, Matt Greig, Richard M. Page, Craig A. Bridge
Mean ± SD values of pre–post and/or across round responses to boxing-specific activity were tabulated. Select studies did not disclose the mean ± SD data, thus, data were requested by contacting the authors in the first instance, and extracted from a valid and reliable web-based plot digitising tool (WebPlotDigitiser) in the second instance (Drevon, Fursa, & Malcolm, 2017). The authors reported such data with a ∼ preceding the results, emphasising that the data are approximations due to varied standards of graph presentation. A random-effects meta-analysis of pre and post standardised mean differences (SMD) was performed using the meta-analysis software (RevMan 5.4, Cochrane). Specifically, this comprised the physiological response, as quantified by BLa levels, hormonal response as quantified by cortisol, and the muscle damage and inflammation responses as quantified by CK, Mb, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Lastly, the pre–post SMD of the neuromuscular responses to boxing-specific activity was performed, as quantified by the counter-movement jump (CMJ) height. The SMD was calculated via the adjusted Hedges g comprising the following thresholds: small = 0.20–0.49, moderate = 0.50–0.80 and large = ≥0.8 (Hedges & Olkin, 1985). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by observing the I2 statistic, at the following thresholds: low = <25%, moderate <25%, and high >75%. The combined effect sizes (Hedges g) for each boxing-specific mode were also compared to explore potential differences in the acute responses (Figure 2).
Ingestion of Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil impairs hepato-renal functions and induces the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A sub-acute murine model
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Ofem E. Eteng, Ceaser A. Moses, Emmanuel I. Ugwor, Joe E. Enobong, Adio J. Akamo, Yewande Adebekun, Arikpo Iwara, Eyong Ubana
The activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in the serum, as well as in the liver and kidney homogenates, using commercially available kits and following the manufacturers’ instructions. The kits for ALT, AST, and ALP were products of Randox Laboratories Limited (Crumlin, United Kingdom), while the LDH kit was a product of Biosystems Diagnostics [Costa Brava, Barcelona, Spain). The total protein concentration was determined using the Coomassie blue method of [18] with serum albumin as standard. Serum levels of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN], and creatinine were also determined using commercially available kits produced by Randox Laboratories Limited, as per the manufacturer’s instructions.
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) in Nile delta lagoon and its effects on hematological and biochemical parameters in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Asmaa M.R. Gouda, Mohamed A. Okbah, Maie I. El-Gammal, Ahmed E. Hagras
Biomarkers are important indices used in fish for field monitoring of aquatic habitat status to provide an early warning of potentially harmful changes in stressed fish. Fish physiology (biochemical blood parameters and metabolic enzymes) is a suitable tool for assessing anthropogenic environmental influences and stress effects on the state and health of aquatic vertebrates [9]. Toxic substances that disrupt the physiological status cause changes in the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) [10]. Total proteins, total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides are powerful tools that show harmful changes in the entire body during stress. Because they describe the nutritional status and general health of the fish, they are used in water quality monitoring and assessment of these stress conditions [11].