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Emerging Issues in Stormwater Quality
Published in Roger D. Griffin, Principles of Stormwater Management, 2018
The most common chemical is table salt (sodium chloride), which usually comes from mined rock salt that has been crushed, screened, and treated with an anticaking agent. Another commonly used chemical, calcium chloride, comes from natural brines. Calcium magnesium acetate, calcium chloride, and potassium acetate are also used. Properties and costs of these materials are given in Table 10.8.
Spray-dried almond milk powder containing microencapsulated flaxseed oil
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Federico Bueno, Alexander Chouljenko, Vondel Reyes, Subramaniam Sathivel
Loose bulk density ρb (g/mL), tapped bulk density ρt (g/mL), Carr index (%), and Hausner ratio of AMFOPs are described in Table 6. Loose bulk density and tapped bulk density are vital properties to characterize powders after spray drying due to their relation to handling, packaging, and storage. Loose bulk density (g/mL) was not statistically different between treatments. The loose bulk density values of the samples (0.39–0.42 g/mL) were similar to those of skim milk powder (0.47 g/mL).[26] Tapped bulk density (g/mL) of 0AMFOP was found to be significantly higher than that of 2AMFOP and 4AMFOP. Carr index (%) values ranged from 16.2 ± 0.3 to 22.3 ± 2.1. Powders with Carr index (%) values of >40 are described as having poor flowability. The values for the AMFOPs were well under this recommendation. Powders containing sticky materials or oils at the surface of particles may cause caking. Food companies utilize anticaking agents such as sodium silicate, calcium silicate, and silicon dioxide to prevent caking.[27] For the formulations in this experiment no food additive with anticaking properties was used. 0AMFOP had significantly higher Hausner ratio values than 2AMFOP and 4AMFOP. According to Lumay et al.[28] powders with a Hausner ratio value greater than 1.35 are considered to have poor flowability. The addition of FO to AM samples did not reduce the flowability of AMFOPs beyond acceptable limits.
Alternative solutions for the physicochemical evaluation and improvement of the caking properties of calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer as a quality problem under atmospheric conditions
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2023
According to Table 4, the dust amount was found as 0.064% in fertilizers that were not exposed to a climatic cycle, and 0.097% in fertilizers that were exposed to a climate cycle. Abrasion of fertilizer granules usually occurs during transport because of the frictions between granule–granule and granule-surface of equipment. Good resistance to abrasion is required to prevent dust formation and reduction of the particle size (Clayton 1984; Hofstee and Huisman 1990; Kholkute 2014). Fertilizer coatings can work as a film that provides a certain mechanical strength and as a moisture-repellent agent that avoids moisture absorption by creating a hydrophobic barrier on the fertilizer surface (Tyc et al. 2020). Application of coatings and other quality improvement additives is an important precaution taken to prevent caking. These additives are also called as anticaking agents or granulation aids, which help fertilizer granules maintain their free-flowing and dust-free properties. Most anticaking agents work as stabilizers by using inorganic salts during fertilizer manufacturing as an internal filler or by applying as a coating material on finished fertilizer product, which mainly containing mostly based on oils, waxes, and surfactants. In the studies carried out by anticaking agent research, there are various suggestions for preventing agglomeration of fertilizer. These suggestions include deactivating the liquid film contact on the surfaces of different neighboring granules and forming a hydrophobic film layer on the surface of the granules, as well as increasing the granule mechanical strength such as crushing strength and abrasion resistance (Rutland 1991; Avsar and Ulusal 2021). Futhermore, the formation of a hydrophobic layer on the particle surface enhances water repellency, weakens capillary adhesion and slows down crystal growth. Application of anticaking coatings reduces interfacial contacts and improves the flowability of fertilizers (Niu et al. 2016).