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Commercial Methods for Magnesium Production
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Magnesium, 2019
The produced silica forms calcium silicate, or molten slag, as it combines with calcium oxide: CaO(s)+SiO2(s)→CaSiO3(l)
Insulation
Published in Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, William J. Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, William J. Kennedy
Some of the more popular types of materials with a discussion of some of their specific properties are given here. Details are summarized in Table 13-5. Mineral fiber-rock wool. Mineral fiber insulation is made from molten rock. It is fairly impervious to heat and so can be used in relatively high temperatures (see Table 13-5).Fiberglass. Probably the most popular type of insulation, fiberglass can be obtained in blankets, batts, boards, and pipe covering. Although organic binders are frequently used which limit temperature ranges somewhat, cell structure is such that the limitations can sometimes be exceeded and still have acceptable results.Foams. Several types of foam insulation are available; some types have problems meeting fire hazard classifications but have very good K values. Others meet the fire hazard requirements but do not offer very good K values. Foams are particularly applicable to cold applications.Calcium silicate. A very popular type of insulation for high-temperature use, calcium silicate is spun from lime and silica. It is extremely durable and offers a high thermal resistance.Refractories-ceramic fiber. An alumina-silica product, ceramic fibers are available in blankets or felts that can be used alone or added to existing fire brick.Refractories-fire brick. Fire bricks are made for high-temperature applications. Made of a refractory clay with organic binders which are burned out during manufacture, they offer good thermal resistance and low storage of heat.Others. Other types of insulation include cellular glass, perlite, and diatomaceous earth. Each has advantages and disadvantages with which the energy manager must become familiar.
Insulation
Published in Barney L. Capehart, William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner, Guide to Energy Management, 2020
Barney L. Capehart, William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner
Some of the more popular types of materials with a discussion of some of their specific properties are given here. Details are summarized in Table 13-5. Mineral fiber-rock wool. Mineral fiber insulation is made from molten rock. It is fairly impervious to heat and so can be used in relatively high temperatures (see Table 13-5).Fiberglass. Probably the most popular type of insulation, fiberglass can be obtained in blankets, batts, boards, and pipe covering. Although organic binders are frequently used which limit temperature ranges somewhat, cell structure is such that the limitations can sometimes be exceeded and still have acceptable results.Foams. Several types of foam insulation are available; some types have problems meeting fire hazard classifications but have very good K values. Others meet the fire hazard requirements but do not offer very good K values. Foams are particularly applicable to cold applications.Calcium silicate. A very popular type of insulation for high-temperature use, calcium silicate is spun from lime and silica. It is extremely durable and offers a high thermal resistance.Refractories-ceramic fiber. An alumina-silica product, ceramic fibers are available in blankets or felts that can be used alone or added to existing fire brick.Refractories-fire brick. Fire bricks are made for high-temperature applications. Made of a refractory clay with organic binders which are burned out during manufacture, they offer good thermal resistance and low storage of heat.Others. Other types of insulation include cellular glass, perlite, and diatomaceous earth. Each has advantages and disadvantages with which the energy manager must become familiar.
The Behaviors of Transformation, Migration, and distribution of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals in Corn Stalk Fast Pyrolysis
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Ning Li, Zhihe Li, Jiale Zhang, Yongjun Li
With the increase of temperature, the content of exchangeable Ca decreased significant and that of acid-insoluble Ca was adverse, especially in the sample of SR and SL. The composition of ash was shown in Table 5. There is much more SiO2 in SR and SL contrast with SP. By calculating the Gibbs free energy of the reaction between CaO and SiO2 (Du et al. 2013; Qian et al. 2011) found that the reaction between potassium oxide and silicon dioxide required high energy input from the outside world, while the reaction between magnesium and calcium could be carried out freely, and calcium could react with silicon dioxide to form calcium silicate substances (e.g., CaSiO3 and Ca2SiO4) more easily. Simultaneously, contained CaC2O4 and MgC2O4 also can react to CaCO3 or CaO that can occur to further transformation (Guo et al. 2017). Ca ions released in the pyrolysis process may be secondary captured by the coke, forming a stable structure, which is difficult to release after being fixed in the coke.
Impact of different hydrated cementitious phases on moisture-induced damage in lime-stabilised subgrade soils
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2018
Sayantan Chakraborty, Syam Nair
The long-term strength gain in lime-stabilised soil is a slow process as it depends on the pozzolanic reactivity of soil in the presence of lime. During this process, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium aluminate hydrate (C-A-H) are formed when the dissolved silicates and aluminates from clay particles react with the Ca2+ ions provided by lime. Properties of C-S-H vary with the calcium-to-silica ratio of these phases. Broadly, there are two types of C-S-H, namely C-S-H I (with Ca/Si < 1.5) and C-S-H II (with Ca/Si > 1.5) (Gard & Taylor, 1976; Nonat, 2004; Taylor, 1950). The morphology of these C-S-H phases varies from leaf- plate-like to fibrous needle-like structure with the increase in Ca/Si ratio (Diamond, White, & Dolch, 1963; He, Zhao, Lu, Struble, & Hu, 2011). These C-S-H phases are the primary contributor of strength in stabilised soils and are similar to the cementitious product formed during hydration of cement (Little & Nair, 2009).