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Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industry and Antibiotic Production
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Rishendra Kumar, Lokesh Tripathi, Pankaj Bhatt
Because of sudden breakthroughs, a large number of antibiotics have been discovered, out of which 300 antibiotics have been found for clinical use only and are currently being produced on a large scale. Improvement and production of antibiotics on a commercial scale need full knowledge of the microbes. More than 180 various types of bioactive compounds are produced by the Actinomycetes (about 75%) alone. Some of active compounds are aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin and kanamycin) (Nanjawade et al., 2010), ansamycins (e.g., rifampin) (Floss and Yu, 1999), anthracyclines (Kremer et al., 2001), β-lactam (e.g., cephalosporins) (Kollef, 2009), macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) (Mims et al., 2004), and tetracycline. Streptomycetes produce numerous biologically active drugs, such as chloramphenicol, amphotericin B, natamycin, nystatin, neomycin, tunicamycin, bafilomycin, ivermectin, rapamycin, tetracycline, daptomycin, and clavulanic acid (enzyme-inhibiting drug) (Yoo et al., 2015). Streptomyces species incude S. coelicolor, S. lividans, S. albus, S. rimosus, S. aureofaciens, S. avermitilis, and S. venezuelae. Some antibiotics have been extracted from Bacillus strains, such as moenomycins, difficidins, bacillomycins, and bacillaenes. Another genus, Mycobacterium, is a bacterium with very interesting antibiotic productivities. Eighty percent of Mycobacterium produce various bioactive compounds against microorganism (Reichenbach and Höfle, 1999).
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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Joseph M. Caster, Artish N. Patel, Tian Zhang, Andrew Wang
Amikacin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic which is useful for the treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria as well as resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [60, 61]. Like other aminoglycosides, significant toxicities include renal and neurologic toxicity. Amikacin is also limited by a relatively short half-life of 2–3 h [62]. Amikacin is generally reserved for the treatment of severe infections and requires frequent blood level monitoring. Arikayce is a liposomal formulation of amikacin designed as an inhaled medication for the treatment of drug resistant pseudomonal infections in patients with CF. Arikayce significantly improved the drug half-life and in a phase II trial, there was no notable difference in toxicity between the liposomal drug treatment and placebo [63]. The FDA has granted fast track designation to Arikace based on the results of a noninferiority phase 3 trial of 302 CF patients with chronic pseudamonal infections randomized to Arikace or inhaled tobramycin.
Antibiotics: The Battle with the Microbes
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
As is evident from their chemical structures, the aminoglycosides are positively charged compounds and very hydrophilic. They are poorly absorbed from the digestive tract and are usually administered by injection. The cationic antibiotics are electrostatically bound to the anionic lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial outer membrane. The drugs are then incorporated into the bacterial cell by energy-dependent active transport. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to this incorporation and this provides one basis for the antibacterial selectivity. The cellular target of the aminoglycosides seems to be the bacterial ribosomal RNA, which is essential for protein synthesis. Binding of the aminoglycosides leads to mistranslation and synthesis of defective proteins. The lethal effect appears to be the result of defects in membrane permeability. The amino glycosides have two main side effects, kidney toxicity and hearing loss. The latter results from degeneration of the hair cells of the cochlear.
Cytotoxic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the mammalian cell lines
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Anton Kovacik, Eva Tvrda, Tomas Jambor, Diana Fulopova, Eva Kovacikova, Lukas Hleba, Łukasz M. Kołodziejczyk, Miroslava Hlebova, Agnieszka Gren, Peter Massanyi
Aminoglycosides still play a significant role in coping with serious infections. Their toxicity led to a relatively restrained use and, despite widespread resistance, remained active against many pathogens.[2] Aminoglycosides are valuable drugs for the symptomatic treatment of sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria, for the management of severe infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and as a supportive agent for endocarditis.[7,28]
Antimicrobial resistance and ESBL genes in E. coli isolated in proximity to a sewage treatment plant
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Anna M. Lenart-Boroń, Klaudia Kulik, Ewelina Jelonkiewicz
This study showed quite considerable bacterial contamination of the Szreniawa river water, caused by a number of factors. Upstream of the STP, illegal point sewage discharge, inflow of livestock wastewater along with agricultural surface runoff seems to be the major cause of water pollution. Insufficiently treated sewage discharge from the STP contributes to the contamination of water by the treatment plant, while downstream of the STP an initiated self-purification process can be suspected. The resistance to antibiotics most commonly administered in Poland, such as aminopenicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin), was the most prevalent in our study and consistent with the results observed by other Authors, as well as with information provided in the reports by the EU agencies. However, importantly, aminoglycosides such as gentamycin, amikacin, netilmycin and tobramycin, are most efficient, with 0% of resistant strains. Multidrug resistance was disturbingly high, as a total of 40% of bacterial strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent among at least three classes of antibiotics tested. Another important observation is that even though no ESBL-producing E. coli strain was confirmed in phenotypic tests, the presence of ESBL-determining genes (TEM, OXA and CTX-M) was observed in as much as 24, 10 and 8% of strains, respectively. This indicates the threat of transmission of ESBL-determining genes to other bacterial species, since the wastewater-affected aquatic environment is considered as a very favorable environment for a horizontal gene transfer among different groups of bacteria. The proximity of the STP might not be the only source of water contamination with indicator bacteria. Also other point and non-point sources of contamination might be present in the examined area, such as sewage inflow from households or surface runoff from manure-fertilized fields. Further study is planned aimed for a more detailed recognition of sewage-derived bacteria in the examined region.
Neomycin removal using the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Åke Stenholm, Mikael Hedeland, Curt E. Pettersson
Aminoglycosides which are a class of antibiotics to which neomycin belong, are used in human applications and in veterinary medicine.[3–5] They consist of aminated sugars joined in glycosidic linkages to a dibasic cyclitol.