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Nanotechnology in Preventive and Emergency Healthcare
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Nilutpal Sharma Bora, Bhaskar Mazumder, Manash Pratim Pathak, Kumud Joshi, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
Radiation causes severe oxidative stress, and to overcome this several free-radical scavengers were developed for the treatment of radiation-associated damage to prevent mutagenesis. Amifostine is amongst the few that gained clinical approval for radioprotection in different cancer therapies. The active metabolite of amifostine, N-(2-mercaptoethyl)1,3-diaminopropane (WR-1065) suffers from a short half-life. Intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of amifostine is associated with various drawbacks such as hypotension and nausea. To overcome these problems, Pamujula et al. (2008) developed nanoparticles of WR-1065 by the spray drying technique, using PLGA as the polymer matrix. They determined the radioprotection by measuring reductions in radiation-induced toxicities, survival in 30 days, and other indicators of radiation toxicities including bone marrow suppression and intestinal injury following 9 Gray (Gy) units of whole-body gamma irradiation in mice. The result of their studies indicated that when treatments of nanoparticles of WR-1065 were given 1 hour pre-irradiation and were tested at the dose of 500 mg/kg, there was significant survival of the treated group in comparison to non-treated control mice, and significant radioprotection was demonstrated in the treated group in terms of bone marrow suppression and intestinal injury as well. These findings clearly demonstrate the feasibility of developing an effective oral formulation of WR-1065 as a radioprotective agent (Pamujula et al., 2008).
The effect of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead on the genotoxic activity of Boletaceae family mushrooms present in Serbia
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Marija Dimitrijević, M. Stanković, J. Nikolić, V. Mitić, V. Stankov Jovanović, G. Stojanović, D. Miladinović
Among the tested mushrooms, extract of B. regius at all concentration (1, 2, 3, or 6 μg/ml) exhibited the most prominent decrease in frequency of MN by (33%, 29.8%, 28.6%, and 23.7%) compared with control cell cultures. These obtained values were significantly higher than those produced by amifostine (16.3%), which indicates that this mushroom species might exert a beneficial effect on HPBL. Amifostine is a prodrug metabolized by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase to an active sulfonyl compound capable of scavenging radiation-generated free radicals and preventing cell damage (Grochová and Šmardová 2007). In addition to B. regius, some other species of mushrooms such as B. edulis, X. chrysenteron and B. appendiculatus also displayed reliable efficacy in reducing the number of MN compared to amifostine. As the number of MN serves as an indicator of DNA damage, data indicated that the tested extracts exerted a protective effect on DNA (Stanković et al. 2022). Treatment with extracts of B. edulis and X. chrysenteron at a concentration of 3 µg/ml reduced the frequency of MN by 30.3% and 26.8%. Extracts of B. appendiculatus at a concentration of 2 µg/ml exhibited a similar effect.