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Monitoring and Analysis
Published in David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Wastewater Treatment, 2020
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTIONA. Tube: Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, Hastelloy, Monel, and Alloy 20. Float: Conventional type—brass, stainless steel, Hastelloy, Monel, Alloy 20, nickel, titanium, or tantalum, and special plastic floats. Ball type—glass, stainless steel, tungsten carbide, sapphire, or tantalum. End Fittings: Brass, stainless steel, or alloys for corrosive fluids. Packing: The generally available elastomers are used and O-rings of commercially available materials; Teflon is also available.
Positive Displacement Liquid Meters and Provers
Published in Béla G. Lipták, Flow Measurement, 2020
R. Siev, B. G. Lipták, J. B. Stoddard
These flowmeters are available in sizes from ¼ to 16 in. (6 to 406 mm). When the viscosity of the process fluid is between 1.5 and 10 cps they can handle flow ranges from 0.05 to 0.5 up to 250 to 5000 GPM (from 0.2 to 2 up to 950 to 19,000 1pm). Their materials of construction includes brass, carbon steel, 316 stainless steel, and Alloy 20. Operating pressures are available up to 1450 PSIG (10 MPa) and operating temperatures up to 560°F (293°C).
Entrainment Separation
Published in John J. McKetta, Unit Operations Handbook, 2018
The selection of the proper material of construction of the wire mesh is a very important consideration. With respect to corrosion resistance, a particular metal or alloy for usual chemical equipment construction is considered to be acceptable if the corrosion rate is less than 10 mils/yr. Such a rate for a wire mesh material is totally unacceptable. Whereas corrosion allowance of 1/8 in. is not uncommon for process equipment, the corrosion allowance for wire mesh is practically zero. Frequently the material for the wire mesh is selected to provide a more corrosion-resistant alloy than the equipment in which it will be used. Stainless steel, usually one of the 300A.I.S.I. series, is the most commonly used material, even for installation in ordinary carbon steel equipment. In vessels constructed of Type 304 stainless steel, the wire mesh may be inTypes 304, 316, 317L stainless, or in Monel, nickel, or Alloy 20-CB3 stainless. For applications involving highly corrosive conditions, wire mesh mist eliminators are constructed in titanium, Inconel, Incoloy, Hastelloy, zirconium, or tantalum. Instead of metallic wire, synthetic plastics monofilaments may be used in the manufacture of mesh. Included are polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride, and several fluoropo!ymers. While all of these possess excellent resistance to solvents, chlorine, alkalis, and acids, careful consideration must be given to avoid exposure to temperatures sufficiently high to cause polymer degradation, softening, and loss of strength. Because their structure differs, the allowable gas velocities for the synthetic polymer monofilaments should be limited to approximately 85% of the allowable velocities for single strand metallic wire mesh constructions.
Experimental investigation on ultrasonic shot peening of WC-Co alloy
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2020
Shengjian Zhu, Yifeng Hu, Xuehui Zhang, Yangjun Zou, Tahir Ahmad, Wenglong Zhang, Fuqian Tang, Tongxiang Liang
Carbide-coated cutting tools[5] have developed into functional directions like high strength and high toughness, good abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance. It have placed higher requirements on the load-bearing level of the metal matrix and the interface-substrate bonding performance. Surface nanocrystallization can form a gradient nanocrystalline layer on the surface of metal substrate.[6–8] In particularly, it can provide a better mechanical performance for hard coatings. The gradient nanocrystalline substrate can improve the interface-substrate bonding strength by promoting the elements diffusion and affecting the nucleation and growth of the film layer. So it provides a new method to promote the comprehensive properties of materials. Therefore, surface nanocrystallization has a great potential for development and application.[9–12] At present, Fe,[13] low-alloy steel,[14] stainless steel,[15] pure titanium,[16] aluminum alloy,[17] Cu-10Ni alloy,[18] Mg alloy,[19] tungsten-copper alloy[20] have undergone surface nanocrystallization treatment, and the surface hardness, wear performance and corrosion resistance have been significantly improved. There are several ways to fabricate surface gradient nanostructure, including USSP,[21] severe shot peening (SSP),[22] surface mechanical attrition treatments (SMAT),[23] air blast shot peening (ABSP)[24] etc.[25] Among these technical solutions, USSP has become one of the most preferred surface treatment methods due to its simple and easy process. Shot peening mainly uses the random repeatedly hitting of flying balls to make the surface hardened.[26] A large amount of plastic deformation occurs on the surface of the material and causes an increase in surface residual stress and hardness.[27–29] After shot peening, a hardened surface layer is obtained and the grains are refined to a nano-scale level.[30]