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Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
An aldose is a polyhydroxy aldehyde and a ketose is a polyhydroxy ketone. A hexose is a six-carbon sugar and a pentose is a five-carbon sugar. A pyranose is the cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal form of the sugar that exists in a six-membered pyran ring. Therefore, an aldopyranose is a polyhydroxy aldehyde in pyranose form. A furanose is the cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal form of the sugar that exists in a five-membered tetrahydrofuran ring. Therefore, a ketofuranose is a polyhydroxy ketone in furanose form. What is an example of an aldohexose, a ketohexose, an aldopyranose, and a ketofuranose?
Biomass Chemistry
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Monosaccharides can also be classified based on the nature of the carbonyl group. Aldoses are monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde functional group and ketoses are monosaccharides that contain a ketone functional group. For example, glucose is an aldohexose and fructose is a ketohexose (Figure 2.12).
Biomolecules and Complex Biological Entities
Published in Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, BioMEMS, 2016
Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
Carbohydrates can range in size from a simple monosaccharide (simple sugar) to an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide. A simple monosaccharide, called glucose, which is a building block for larger structures, called oligosaccharides or polysaccharides, is shown in Figure 3.36. A ketose has a ketone functionality, while an aldose has an aldehyde functionality associated with it.
Comparative proteomic analysis revealed the metabolic mechanism of excessive exopolysaccharide synthesis by Bacillus mucilaginosus under CaCO3 addition
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2019
Hongyu Xu, Zhiwen Zhang, Hui Li, Yujie Yan, Jinsong Shi, Zhenghong Xu
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Pgi), a second glycolytic enzyme, catalyzed the reversible aldose–ketose isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate. This enzyme is also an enzymatic link between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.[27] 6-Phosphofructokinase (PfkA) was believed to be the most important element for the control of glycolytic flux. This enzyme catalyzes a physiologically reversible interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.[28] Aconitate hydratase (Acn), which transforms citrate to isocitrate, was the first step of the TCA cycle.[29] Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) directed glucose-6-phosphate into the pentose phosphate pathway and played a pivotal role in cell function.[30] In this study, we found that all the four enzymes were down-regulated with CaCO3 addition and created a decreased carbon flux toward the growth of cells.