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Mechanisms of Action of Multifunctional Media Submitted by Nano- and Ultrafine Iodine Compounds on Pathogens of Bacterial and Fungium Etiology
Published in Alexander V. Vakhrushev, A. K. Haghi, Composite Materials Engineering, 2019
V. B. Golubchikov, A. V. Zhivotkov, A.V. Vakhrushev
In the food industry, substances containing active chlorine (chlora-mine, bleach) are used as disinfectants. In medicine, iodine compounds and hydrogen peroxide are widely applicable. Formaldehydes are used in agriculture.
Electro-oxidation of tannery wastewater to achieve zero discharge – a step towards sustainability
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Sundarapandiyan Sundaramoorthy, Narendra Singh, Christon Ringle Taube, Rajesh Katiyar, Vimudha Muralidharan, Saravanan Palanivel
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to identify and characterize the free radicals generated during electro-oxidation. The reactive radicals were trapped using 5,5- dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trapping agent. To confirm the formation of oOCl radicals, the DMPO-spin trapping ESR spectrum was recorded in situ during electro-oxidation treatment of wastewater. From the ESR spectra shown in Figure 4, it is evident that spin-trapped DMPO-OCl adducts are obtained during electro-oxidation. The ESR spectrum exhibit seven characteristic peaks of hypochlorite radicals (oOCl). This further corroborates the attenuation of pollution load in terms of BOD and COD. The oOCl is generated predominantly because of the presence of common salt (sodium chloride) in the composite wastewater. Sodium chloride upon dissociation made the chlorine available for the formation of active chlorine and oOCl radicals. It is also found that the intensity of the spectra increases with treatment time. Conclusively, the ESR data confirms the formation of oOCl radicals during electrooxidation of wastewater. The significant attenuation of BOD and COD could therefore be primarily attributable to the oOCl radicals [35]. The reduction in TDS is due to the removal of organic dissolved solids.
Plasma deposition for antimicrobial finishing of cellulosic textiles
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Chang Liu, Chang-E Zhou, Xuehong Ren, Wenjun Tang, Changhai Xu, Chi-Wai Kan, Qing Zhang, Huixia Li, Zhonglin Xiang
Hundred percent desized, scoured and bleached woven cotton fabric supplied by Hangzhou yiqisheng textile (China) Co., Ltd. (warp: 138 yarns/inch; weft: 63 yarns/inch; 261 g/m2) was used in this study. The fabric was washed with acetone for 10 min to remove detergent, oil or impurities thoroughly, and then, washed with deionised water adequately. The cleaned fabric samples were conditioned at 20 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 2% relative humidity for at least 24 h prior to all experiments. Potassium iodide were purchased from Macklin. Sodium hypochlorite (5.8%, active chlorine), acetone, ethylenediamine (H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2), sodium thiosulfate titration solution and soluble starch from potato were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
Response of microcystin biosynthesis and its biosynthesis gene cluster transcription in Microcystis aeruginosa on electrochemical oxidation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Yu Gao, Kazuya Shimizu, Chie Amano, Xin Wang, Thanh Luu Pham, Norio Sugiura, Motoo Utsumi
Figure 2(b), pH levels under oxygenated, air aerated and unaerated conditions were higher than under electrolysis cell condition, and this index continued to increase. This phenomenon was due to the photosynthetic activities of cyanobacteria which can generate net alkalinity by consuming a weak base (bicarbonate) and producing a strong base (hydroxyl ions) [30] as follows:In the electrolysis system, the hydroxyl radical was produced [Equation (1)] and partially reacted with the organic molecule [MC or its oxidation product, Equation (4)] or subsequently reacted to produce O2 [Equation (5)]. The produced hydrogen ion was reduced to hydrogen on cathode. These reactions did not remarkably change the pH of the system. However, Cl in the medium continuously electromigrated onto the anode surface and quickly transformed to active chlorine in the forms of chlorine, hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite [Equation (6)] [31]. This phenomenon caused the reduced pH in the electrolysis system. Furthermore, because the electrolytic environment is not conducive for the growth of cyanobacteria, less strong base can be produced by the cyanobacteria to balance the hydrogen ion during photosynthesis.