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Occurrence of Transformation Products of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Myrsini Papageorgiou, Eleni Evgenidou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
CBZ has been detected in influents, in effluents of WWTPs, and in other water matrices. After consumption, 70% is metabolized, leading to the formation of more than 30 compounds (Miao et al., 2005). The main metabolic pathway for CBZ is oxidation, leading to the formation of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-Ep), which is a pharmacologically active compound with anticonvulsant properties. CBZ-Ep is further metabolized into 10,11-dihydro-10,11-trans-dihydroxycarbamazepine (DiOH-CBZ), which, in turn, leads to the formation of 9-hydroxy-methyl-10-carbamoylacridan. The DiOH-CBZ metabolite is not pharmaceutically active. Another metabolic route involves hydroxylation and production of the hydroxylated compounds 2-hydroxycarbamazepine (2-OH-CBZ) and 3-hydroxycarbamazepine (3-OH-CBZ), while 4-hydroxycarbamazepine (4-OH-CBZ) plays a minor role. Apart from these two major metabolic pathways, traces of acridine, acridone (ADON), iminostilbene, 2-hydroxy-iminostilbene, and 9-acridine-10-carboxaldehyde are formed in a minor pathway. Acridine has also been reported as genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic (Chiron et al., 2006).
Selection and Improvement of Industrial Organisms for Biotechnological Applications
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
Acridine, C13H9N, is an organic compound consisting of three fused benzene rings. Acridine is colorless and was first isolated from crude coal tar. It is a raw material for the production of dyes. Acridines and their derivatives are DNA and RNA binding compounds due to their intercalation abilities. Acridine Orange (3,6-dimethylaminoacridine) is a nucleic acid selective metachromatic stain useful for cell cycle determination.
Influence of UV dose on the UV/H2O2 process for the degradation of carbamazepine in wastewater
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Purnima Somathilake, John Albino Dominic, Gopal Achari, Cooper H. Langford, Joo-Hwa Tay
The extent of mineralization of CBZ was evaluated by measuring the residual TOC after the completion of each experiment. The extent of mineralization in case of UV photolysis was insignificant as more than 90% of TOC remained in solution after UV irradiation (0.7 J) of 8 h. UV photolysis is reported to result in the formation of acridine and acridone, which are significantly more recalcitrant than CBZ [15]. The degradation pathway of CBZ during UV photolysis present in natural waters and during water treatment has been reported in the literature [15,35,36]. Initially, hydroxylation of CBZ at the 10 position forms a radical intermediate resulting in 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine. Further, breaking of epoxide ring forms an unstable intermediate which suffers facile ring contraction to form 9-acridine-9-carboxaldehyde further decomposing into acridine [37]. Acridine is noted as an air and water pollutant with mutagenic and carcinogenic activities [38]. The formation of recalcitrant by-products of higher toxicity suggests that direct UV photolysis is not a suitable method for the treatment of CBZ.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion of ferritic steel–zirconium-based metal waste form alloy under simulated geological repository environment
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2018
R. Priya, R. P. George, K. Thyagarajan, S. Ningshen
MWF specimen exposed in the bacterial culture was used for direct microscopic observation using Nikon Eclipse E600 Epifluorescence Microscope. The biofilmed specimen was washed with sterile buffer to remove loosely adhered cells and after drying was immersed in a nucleic acid staining solution of acridine orange (0.1%). The specimen was taken out after 1 h and washed in sterile buffer solution and dried. Acridine orange is a fluorescent nucleic acid dye that can differentially stain single-stranded RNA as fluorescing orange and double-stranded DNA as fluorescing green [37].
A combined experimental and computational studies of 3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9-(4-Methoxyphenyl)3,4,6,7,9,10 hexahydroacridine-1,8-dione
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Ujval Gupta, Anshul Uppal, Rajni Kant, Yugal Khajuria
Acridine (C13H9N) is a nitrogen heterocycle, which is structurally related to anthracene with one of the central CH groups replaced by nitrogen. Acridines are known to be biologically versatile compounds. Acridinediones and their derivatives are very interesting compounds and are much in demand due to their wide range of pharmaceutical and biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitumor, anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial, fungicidal and DNA binding properties [1–9] and also plays an important role in material science [10] and spectroscopy [11]. These derivatives have been used in chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer [3] and in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as angina pectoris and hypertension [9]. Acridinediones derivatives also possess photophysical/electrochemical properties [12–14] and are found to be good antimalarial agents, and the analogue compounds are analysed as a potent antimalarial activity [15]. Acridinediones containing a 1,4-DHP (Dihydropyridine) nucleus are used as laser dyes with very high efficiencies of photo initiators [16,17]. The latest literature review reveals that 1,4-DHP nucleus exhibit calcium channels blockers and anti-aggregratory activity [18]. Besides this, 1,4-DHP skeleton shows many biological activities such as anti-hypertension, anti-cancer, anti-diabetics, geroprotective, neuroprotactant and anti-HIV [19]. Synthesis, crystal structure and infrared (IR) spectra of various acridinediones derivatives were reported by several research groups [18,20–26]. Recently, Kour et al. synthesised and characterised the 3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-9-(4-Methoxyphenyl)3,4,6,7,9,10 hexahydroacridine-1,8-dione (C24H29NO3) compound using single crystal X-ray diffraction method [18]. For the molecule C24H29NO3, to the best of our knowledge, the vibrational, electronic, natural bond orbital (NBO) and frontier molecular orbital analysis of the titled compound have not been reported previously. Considering the pharmacological and biochemical importance of the titled compound, a detailed experimental and theoretical study was carried out to obtain a complete reliable and precise geometrical parameters, atomic charges, vibrational spectra and electronic structure of the compound.