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Environmental Impacts of Biofuel-Fired Small Boilers and Gasifiers
Published in Mateusz Szubel, Mariusz Filipowicz, Biomass in Small-Scale Energy Applications: Theory and Practice, 2019
Jozef Viglasky, Juraj Klukan, Nadezda Langova
Carbon monoxide (CO) is created by the incomplete combustion of carbon and is well known to be lethally toxic. Less well known is that sustained subclinical exposure (which produces no symptoms) can result in incremental damage to the brain and other organs. Chronic, subclinical exposure to CO causes cumulative damage to oxygen-using organs in the body, hence the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a 24 hour exposure limit of 7 mg/m3 (6 ppm). Subclinical exposure is that which produces no symptoms, that is, <50 ppm in the case of CO. Biomass pellets in the period up to 8 weeks after manufacture will give off gas producing CO. CO concentrations at lethal levels have been measured in inadequately ventilated pellet stores and the holds of bulk carrier ships transporting wood pellets. The concentration of CO may also be such as to form an explosive atmosphere. Hence, ATEX regulations apply to any electrical equipment installed in pellet stores. ATEX derives its name from the French title of the 94/9/EC directive “Appareils destinés à être utilisés en ATmosphères EXplosives.” The ATEX as an EU directive finds its US equivalent under the hazardous-location (HAZLOC) standard. This standard given by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines and classifies hazardous locations such as explosive atmospheres.
Fire safety
Published in Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction, 2015
The use of electrical equipment in potentially flammable atmospheres should be avoided as far as possible. However, there will be many cases where electrical equipment must be used and, in these cases, the standards for the construction of the equipment should comply with the Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres Regulations, known as ATEX. Details on the classification or zoning of areas are contained in the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations and ACoPs.
Facility Utility Systems
Published in Terry Jacobs, Andrew A. Signore, Good Design Practices for GMP Pharmaceutical Facilities, 2016
Jack C. Chu, Leonid Shnayder, Joe Maida
In Europe, ATEX Directive 99/92/EC (Reference 8, Appendix 5) defines three zones for gases, mists, or vapors (Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2) and three zones for dusts (Zone 20, Zone 21, and Zone 22). These zones require equipment of Category 1 for Zones 0 and 20 (very high level of safety), Category 2 for Zones 1 and 21 (high level of safety), or Category 3 for Zones 3 and 22 (normal level of safety).
Proposal for a method for analysing smart personal protective systems
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Patrice Marchal, James Baudoin
Similarly, the manufacturer must ensure that the assembly is compatible with the specific conditions of use, e.g., for the use of an explosive atmosphere, the requirements and guidelines of ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU [21] must be applied.