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Applications for Drug Development
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Jessica Kalra, Donald T. Yapp, Murray Webb, Marcel B. Bally
The etiology of Parkinson’s disease remains under investigation. Both genetic (Parkin, Alpha synuclein) and environmental factors (pesticides, head trauma) have been implicated in this disease. The major clinical features of Parkinson’s disease include tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, and cognitive deficits. Postmortem examinations of cortical tissues show degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Experimental rodent models of Parkinson’s disease can be successfully induced using chemicals (6-hydroxydopamine [6-OHDA], 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, rotenone, paraquat, or epoxomicin) or genetically (α-synuclein knock-in mice or DJ-1 knock-out mice) (Garcia-Alloza and Bacskai 2004). For each model, only some neuropathological and behavioral phenotypes may be present, and no single model is able to recapitulate all of the features of Parkinson’s disease. Nevertheless, MRI has been successfully used to study anatomical or morphological changes in vivo, while PET and SPECT have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of nigrostriatal degeneration in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. For example, in 2007, Pellegrino et al. used PET to investigate dopamine transporter status using (11)C-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)-tropane as well as dopamine receptor modulation using (11)C-raclopride in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson’s disease (Pellegrino et al. 2007). A group led by Prof. Muller from the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany, has been working on nuclear imaging techniques to examine a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease. In several publications, Muller’s group describes the molecular imaging of the dopaminergic synapse in vivo. In one paper published in 2011 (Nikolaus et al. 2011), this group used a series of radionuclides to examine DA transporter (DAT) and/or Dopamine (2) receptor binding with SPECT or PET in a 6-OHDA rat model. Interestingly, their studies were conducted before and after treatment with haloperidol, l-DOPA, and methylphenidate, the gold standard therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
The therapeutic effect of nano-zinc on the optic nerve of offspring rats and their mothers treated with lipopolysaccharides
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Eman Mohammed Emara, Hassan Ih El-Sayyad, Amr M Mowafy, Heba a El-Ghaweet
In recent days, life is made easier by advances in nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Nanotechnology is used widely in research areas due to the arrangement of their atoms on the 1–100 nm scale [14]. Nanomedicine is used to treat cerebral ischemia by active targeting (using targeting ligands) or passive targeting (using enhanced permeability and retention effect) due to an increase in the number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases [15]. ZnO NPs play an essential role in neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell injury in vitro by preventing apoptosis, decreasing reactive oxygen species and improving mitochondrial membrane potential [16].