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Lakes and Reservoirs: Pollution
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
Subhankar Karmakar, O.M. Musthafa
A large diversity of organic pollutants poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. PCBs and 3,4-benzpyrene were confirmed as jeopardizing Lake Constance.[19] However, pesticide is the major group of contaminants in the top layers of sediments. The recognition of DDT as being harmful to human and animals served as the eye opener to serious consequences of various pesticides. PCBs are also considered as persistent organic pollutants and, thus, have huge potential hazards. The main sources of pesticides in lakes and reservoirs are 1) agriculture and forestry; 2) actions against aquatic weeds (e.g., water fern Salvinia molesta, Eichhornia crassipes); 3) actions against parasites and waterborne diseases (e.g., malaria and schistosomiasis); and 4) regulation of fish populations with rotenone (an active ingredient of derris, which is used as a fish poison for centuries). Atrazine, which is used for the protection of corn from weeds, is demonstrated as detrimental to human, and hence, it has recently been proscribed in many countries. Likewise, lindane, a persistent organochlorine insecticide, is toxic to fish in concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Pesticides are applied for curbing undesirable weeds such as water fern Salvinia sp. and Azolla sp., water hyacinth E. crassipes, water lettuce Pistia stratiotes, etc. Application of the pesticides should only be considered in cases where mechanical and biological approaches fail.[19]
Phosphorus-Containing Dendrimers Against Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Published in Anne-Marie Caminade, Cédric-Olivier Turrin, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Phosphorus Dendrimers in Biology and Nanomedicine, 2018
Anne-Marie Caminade, Cedric-Olivier Turrin, Jean-Pierre Majoral
In view of these excellent results in the inhibition of ASN fibrils, the toxicity of two viologen dendrimers (PSG0PO3, and N3P3G0PO3, Fig. 11.6) was tested against neuronal cells. The chosen cells were the murine hippocampal cell line (mHippoE-18). Both tested dendrimers did not induce a strong cellular response, and only a low level of apoptosis was measured. Both dendrimers also induced a small decrease in the ROS level, a slight increase in catalase activity, but did not alter the level of antioxidant GSH (glutathione) [32]. This work was further developed in the presence of rotenone, a pesticide that induces an increased risk of Parkinson’s diseases. It induces, in particular, an increase in the amount of ROS in neurons, a-synuclein aggregation, and activation of microglia. One viologen dendrimer (N3P3G0PO3), two PPH dendrimers with ammonium terminal groups (G3 and G4), and two PAMAM dendrimers (G3 and G4) were tested on mHippoE-18 cell line in the presence of rotenone (Fig. 11.10). All dendrimers (0.1 pM) increased cell viability in the presence of rotenone (1 pM) compared to rotenone alone. In the same conditions, the level of ROS was dramatically decreased, especially with PPH and viologen dendrimers. A favorable effect on mitochondrial system was observed mainly with the viologen dendrimer N3P3G0PO3 (Fig. 11.10, right). All these data demonstrate that despite being composed of potentially highly toxic viologen units, this family of dendrimers may have a large potential of biological uses [33].
Chemistry and Agriculture: Helping to Feed the World
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
In addition to the pyrethrins and nicotine, other natural products such as rotenone, deguelin, and azadirachtin have insecticidal activity and are the basis for a number of natural or “organic” insecticide products. Rotenone functions by inhibiting one of the proteins in the mitochondrial electron transport complex.45 Lest we fall into the fallacy that “natural means safe,” it is reported that chronic exposure to rotenone induces Parkinson-like symptoms in rats.46
Effects of cyprinid removal and reintroduction: Diamond Lake, Oregon
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2023
J. Eilers, R. Miller, D. Loomis, A. Vogel
Rotenone treatments cause considerable short-term impacts to a wide variety of aquatic organisms (Beaulieu et al. 2021). However, the longer term recovery in zooplankton and zoobenthos observed in Diamond Lake shows that even with a reintroduction of extirpated species, the lake has returned to more diverse zooplankton and zoobenthos assemblages compared to the pretreatment period. The experience in Diamond Lake illustrates the importance of continued monitoring of the fisheries and other biological components to ensure that positive effects of the treatment are maintained. Despite the reintroduction of cyprinids that caused dramatic reduction in zooplankton and zoobenthos in the past, the lake shows relatively little effect from their current population levels. However, the cyprinid populations are not being controlled directly by predation and it is unknown if the cyprinids will remain suppressed or expand, as observed in the 1990s. Currently, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of tui chub remains low. However, CPUE of tui chub in Diamond Lake remained under 2000 fish/trap net from 1992 when the chub was first encountered until 2000 (Jackson et al. 2003). In 2001, CPUE increased to nearly 12,000 chub/trap net and never returned to lower values until after the treatment in 2006. Only 6 yr have passed since the presence of tui chub was documented in Diamond Lake. It is unknown whether the introduction of piscivorous trout will suppress the cyprinids indefinitely through intimidation or whether the tui chub will once again overwhelm the lake.
Antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of avocado oil and extract (Persea americana Mill) against rotenone using monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Nelzi Ferreira Queiroz Junior, Jovani Antônio Steffani, Larissa Machado, Pâmela Jéssyca Hoss Longhi, Marco Aurélio Echart Montano, Mathias Martins, Sérgio Abreu Machado, Alencar Kolinski Machado, Francine Carla Cadoná
Rotenone a natural toxin found in several plants in tropical regions is used as a model pesticide to initiate neurodegenerative diseases (Radad et al. 2019; Zhang, Jones, and Gonzalez-Lima 2006). Rotenone is a pesticide widely used in world (Jenner 2001). It is considered by World Health Organization (WHO) as a class II pesticide, or of moderate risk (Gupta and Milatovic 2015).