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Clay Mineral Catalysis of Redox, Asymmetric, and Enantioselective Reactions
Published in Benny K.G. Theng, Clay Mineral Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2018
For both Cu-5 and Cu-6 complexes (with Laponite), the yield of products (3R, 3S, 4R, 4S) and their respective trans/cis ratios are influenced by the type of solvent used. Since the Cu-bis(oxazoline) complex is apparently immobilized as an almost square-planar structure, a reduction in solvent polarity would make it easier for the complex to approach the clay surface and establish close surface-complex interactions (Alonso et al. 2000; Fernandez et al. 2001). Interestingly, Bigi et al. (2001) also noted that the regioselective conversion of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and phenol to 4-tert-butylphenol over KSF montmorillonite was solvent-dependent. Furthermore, the trans/cis diastereoselectivity of the reaction between styrene and ethyl diazoacetate (Scheme 7.1), catalyzed by the Laponite-supported Cu complex with pyridine-oxazoline (6), is the reverse of that observed with the bis(oxazoline) complex (5) as ligand (Table 7.5). Using Cu2+-exchanged K10 montmorillonite as a catalyst, Fraile et al. (1996)also found that the normal trans/cis selectivity in solution was reversed, giving the cis-cyclopropane as the major product. The immobilization of enantioselective (chiral) catalysts on solid supports, including clay minerals, has been reviewed by Fraile et al. (2009b).
Fate of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Constructed Wetlands
Published in María del Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa, Amado Enrique Navarro-Frómeta, Josep M. Bayona, Artificial or Constructed Wetlands, 2018
Víctor Matamoros, María Hijosa-Valsero
The presence of plants in CWs seems to enhance the removal of EDCs. For instance, A et al. (2017) assessed the effectiveness of VFCWs planted with Phragmites australis and unplanted beds for treating a synthetic leachate, and observed that the removal of bisphenol A (9-99%) and 4-tert-butylphenol (18-100%) was affected by leachate composition, HRT, and the presence of plants. They suggested that adsorption and subsequent biodegradation were the main elimination processes. In addition, the type of vegetal species chosen could also be important for EDCs elimination, as proposed by Toro-Velez et al. (2016), who compared HFCWs with Heliconia psitacorum, P. australis or unplanted, and stated that the best removal performance was obtained with Heliconia psitacorum (73% for bisphenol A and 63% for nonylpehnols), whereas the worst results were recorded in the unplanted system.
Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
1H-Benzimidazole Benzoic acid 1H-Benzotriazole N-Benzoylglycine Benzpiperylon Benzylamine 4-Benzylaniline 2-Benzylpyridine Betaine Biguanide N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Bithionol Bornylamine Bromadiolone Bromoacetic acid 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol Bromophenol Blue 3-Bromopropanoic acid 3-Bromopyridine 3-Bromoquinoline Bromothymol Blue Brucine 1,4-Butanediamine 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butanoic acid trans-2-Butenoic acid 3-Butenoic acid Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine N-tert-Butylaniline 2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Butylcyclohexylamine 2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-Butylpiperidine Butylpropanedioic acid 2-Butynoic acid Captopril
Application of microcosm and species sensitivity distribution approaches in the ecological hazard assessment of 4-tert-butylphenol
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2018
Lei Wang, Jianmei Liu, Jining Liu, Lili Shi, Zhen Wang
4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP) is widely used in the manufacturing of resin, commodity additives, plasticiser and surfactant, with the total tonnage between 10,000 and 100,000 t/a for the registered substance under EU REACH (Regulation concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) by 2016 [16]. Previous studies indicated that 4-TBP may not only cause effects in fish and other taxa of environmental organisms, some of which may also be endocrine-mediated [17]. The long-term toxicity provoked by exposure of 4-TBP have been reported such as the decreased fecundity in Daphnia, the delayed growth rate and increased female–male ratio in fish [18]. What’s more, endocrine-related histological changes such as increased proportion of spermatogonia, the presence of testis–ova (Japanese medaka and other differentiated gonochorist species), increased testicular degeneration, interstitial have been observed in male fishes, while the increased oocyte atresia, perifollicular cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy, decreased yolk formation, changes in gonadal staging have been showed in the female [18].