China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Physical Properties of Individual Groundwater Chemicals
Published in John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton, Environmental Chemicals Desk Reference, 2017
John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton
Biological. Benzoic acid may degrade to catechol if it is the central metabolite whereas, if protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is the central metabolite, the precursor is 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (Chapman, 1972). Other compounds identified following degradation of benzoic acid to catechol include cis,cis-muconic acid, (+)-muconolactone, 3-oxoadipate enol lactone, and 3-oxoadipate (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). Pure microbial cultures hydroxylated benzoic acid to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2- and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (Smith and Rosazza, 1974). In activated sludge, 65.5% mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 days (Freitag et al., 1985).
Eradication of Personal Care Products by Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Rachna, Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani
In order to limit natural ripening and to prevent bacterial/fungal growth on plants, synthetic preservatives are used. Other than plants, these are widely utilized in soaps, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals (Brausch and Rand 2011). Parabens are the most commonly used antimicrobial preservatives (Amin et al. 2019). Seven types of parabens having difference in word root are used as preservatives (Soni et al. 2005). Out of which methyl and propyl are one of the most commonly employed in makeup industry (Peck 2006). The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is a low cost paraben having antifungal properties (Alvarez-Rivera et al. 2018).
Polymers
Published in Bryan Ellis, Ray Smith, Polymers, 2008
Processing & Manufacturing Routes: Synth. by treating 4- hydroxybenzoic acid with ethylene oxide to form 4-(2-hydro- xyethoxy) benzoic acid, which is then treated with MeOH to form methyl 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoate. This monomer then undergoes condensation polymerisation at 250 -260° under vacuum
Binary mixtures of 2-methyl cyclohexanone with various functional groups (Thermodynamic and acoustic properties)
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
C. H. Rajani, V. Anuradha, M. Gowrisankar, Shaik Babu
The various functional groups plays an important role in chemical engineering of industrial reactions. Isobutyric acid are utilised as solvents for different applications where attractive scents and flavour attributes are significant. The potassium salt of isobutyric acid is successful as a solvency advertiser in the burning extraction of mercaptans from sharp oil stocks. 2-Methyl cyclohexanone is used as a solvent for varnishes, lacquers, and plastics; and as a rust remover. 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol has been used in the preparation of semiconductors, nanosheets and nanocrystals. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is primarily known as the basis for the preparation of its esters, known as parabens, which are used as preservatives in cosmetics and some ophthalmic solutions.