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Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Treatment Technology
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Chloroform (CHCl3) may be produced experimentally from the reaction between chlorine and methane. The reaction products are chloroform and hydrochloric acid. Determine the amount of chlorine needed to yield 129 g of chloroform.
Toxicity of Solvents
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Chloroform is widely used as a solvent, particularly in lacquers, and in the manufacture of plastics and fluorocarbons (refrigerants). It is estimated by OSHA that some 360,000 workers are potentially exposed to chloroform. Exposure to low levels of chloroform in drinking water is common, due to its formation during the chlorination of organic chemicals in water. This is particularly important to the public as water is consumed and used continuously on a daily basis.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chloroform is used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, artificial silks, insecticides, floor polishes, lacquers, and cleaning solvents. It is a known general anesthetic, although its use in surgery has ceased since many complications of chloroform have been recognized. Though it is a common by-product of water chlorination, average air in New Jersey homes was found to contain 10 mg/m.113 Chloroform compounds affect the CNS and liver; acute exposure to higher levels will cause acute liver necrosis and/or death by CNS suppression, while long-term, low-level exposure chronically assaults the liver. Halocarbon fumigants affect cardiac irritability, giving arrhythmias. Liver damage without increased SGOT, LDH, SGPT, etc. may occur. Thirty-seven percent of 500 chemically sensitive patients surveyed at the EHC-Dallas had chloroform in their blood. The presence of chloroform in these patients appeared to account for several symptoms, including mental cloudiness. They were apparently partially anesthetized.
Process optimization of dielectric barrier discharge reactor for chloroform degradation using central composite design
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Kwasi Kyere-Yeboah, Xiu-chen Qiao
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are precursors of other complex chemical compounds in the plastics and pharmaceutical industries. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are chemical compounds of hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine atoms (Xiao et al. 2020). Due to the increase in production and demand, high concentrations of these chemical compounds are present in wastewater. Chloroform, also known as methyltrichloride/trichloromethane, is a volatile transparent liquid with an innocuous odor and a mildly sweet taste and is partially soluble in water (7.4 g/L at 25 °C) (Cappelletti et al. 2012; Jose et al. 2019). As a chlorinated aliphatic compound, chloroform aids in pesticide, plastics, and dye production, serves as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industries, and is a byproduct during lignin extraction from plants (Cappelletti et al. 2012). Thus, most chloroform detected in the environment and wastewater is mainly from the manufacturing industries. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are categorized by the European Commission (EC) as carcinogenic, as well as by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), owning their significant effect on the liver and central nervous system (Cappelletti et al. 2012).