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Insect Growth Regulators
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Biological and Ecological Systems, 2020
Ecdysone, a steroid, serves as a prohormone of the molting hormone. It is secreted by a pair of endocrine glands, termed “prothoracic glands” (though in some insects they are not located in the prothorax but in the ventro-posterior part of the head). In certain tissues, ecdysone is converted to 20-hydroxyecdysone (Figure 5) which is the actual molting hormone. To initiate molting, a peak titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone is necessary, but for the full process of molting, a complete decline of this peak is needed. This decline leads to activation of certain genes that control production of necessary enzymes and secretion of additional hormones, which induce molting-related behavior. Ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and chemically related substances, collectively termed as “ecdysteroids” are present in many plants and non-vertebrate animals.
Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Study of Entomology
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Normal phase TLC and HPTLC with silica gel plates Chloroform–96 % ethanol (4:1)Most commonly used solvent for ecdysteroid separation87 with numerous variations. Rf values for ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone vary between approximately 0.21 (ecdysone) and 0.15 (20-hydroxyecdysone) for 20% EtOH, to 0.63 and 0.56 for 40% EtOH, respectively.90 Rf values for a number of ecdysteroids run with this solvent system are also given by Horn and Bergamasco98 in table format. For normal phase separations, tanks should be presaturated.n-butanol–acetone–glacial acetic acid–ammonia (30%)–water (70:50:18:1.5:60)92,99Separation of ecdysone and ecdysone glucosides.Solvent system I: Ethanol–ethyl acetate–water (80:20:5)Solvent system II: Chloroform–ethanol (4:1)Develop plates 1/3 to 1/2 with solvent system I, dry and develop whole plate with solvent system II. If HPTLC plates are used, double development with each solvent can improve resolution. Separation of 20-hydroxyecdysone and metabolites (e.g., 20-hydroxyecdysone acetates, 20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid).93Chloroform–ethanol (9:1)Separation of ecdysone, ecdysteroid acyl esters, ecdysteroid acetates Rf values for ecdysone-0.07, ecdysone long chain fatty acyl esters-0.13–0.15, ecdysone 22-acetate – 0.09, ecdysone 2(3)–acetate – 0.25; additional Rf values for other ecdysteroids are given by Dinan.95
Evaluation of Spinacia oleracea (L.) for phytodesalination and augmented production of bioactive metabolite, 20-hydroxyecdysone
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
N. S. Muchate, N. S. Rajurkar, P. Suprasanna, T. D. Nikam
Compared with glycophytes, studies have also been focused on salt accumulating halophytes that are of low nutritional benefits. At present, only few glycophytes such as rice (Iwasaki 1987), cotton (Wang et al.2011), and honeysuckle (Yan et al.2016) are studied for their potential of saline soil reclamation. Under such circumstances, it is necessary to find more plant species having significant Na+ accumulation, biomass, nutritional, and other benefits (bioactive compounds) under salt stress condition. Towards bioprospecting, it will also be rewarding to explore if some of these plants also accumulate bioactive compounds under saline conditions (Borgognone et al.2014). Spinacia oleracea plant is a fast growing herbaceous, annual herb belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae. It is leafy vegetable and a rich source of mineral (magnesium, manganese, iron, calcium, potassium, copper, phosphorous, zinc), vitamin (A, C, E, B-complex, and K), and edible proteins (Rao et al.2015). Significant Na+ accumulation is also reported in S. oleracea treated with 200 mM NaCl (Robinson et al.1983). Normally grown Spinach has been shown to have a significant content of 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E), an insect molting hormone (Rao et al.2015). Thus, there is a possibility that salinity may enhance secondary metabolite content and the bioactive constituents of S. oleracea. In this study, we characterized the responses of S. oleracea to different levels of salinity stress and plant's potential to desalinize the saline soil. In this study, the physiological and biochemical responses of the plant in terms of growth, biomass, and damage to the membrane, synthesis of osmolytes, antioxidant enzyme activity, Na+ sequestration and 20E content were analyzed under stress and control conditions. To further explore the plant's ability to desalinize the saline soil, field experiment was carried out to study the plant growth and soil electrical conductivity over the 90 days of plantation.
Phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Achyranthes japonica root and its in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitions
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Bhusnure Omprakash Gadgeppa, Bhokare Manjusha Raman, Ganesh Mani, Giram Padmaja Sidram, Sachin Sivajirao Pandit, Jayaprakash Jaybalan, Kamalakkannan Kaliappan, Hemalatha Pushparaj, Jang Hyun Tae
Achyranthes japonica is a perennial plant (Family: Amaranthaceae) of the Achyranthes genus, the plant is widespread in Asian and East Asian countries, including Korea, China, India, and Japan. It is mainly used in traditional medicines for folk remedies in Korea, China, and Japan. AJ root extract has been reported to have various secondary metabolites, such as triterpenoids, saponin, 20-hydroxyecdysone, phytoecdysteroid, and inokosterone (Lee et al. 2012; Al-Mijan et al. 2018). Root extract and/or plant tea are used in traditional Korean medicine in the treatment of hypertension, rheumatism, and osteoarthritis, as well as analgesic and diuretic. Previous reports from in vitro and in vivo experiments using a plant extract have shown that A. japonica extracts exhibit various physiological effects, including anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, arthritis-relieving, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties (Jang et al. 2012; Park and Kim 2020; Jung et al. 2008). Although the plant extract has been described for its various pharmacological and nutritional values, but it’s use in the synthesis of metals, especially Ag and metal oxide nanoparticles has not yet been explored. Taking this as an advantage, our present study aims to evaluate the potential of AJ root extract as a reducing agent for the synthesis of noble silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), characterizing the produced AgNPs by various physiochemical procedures, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and evaluated their antimicrobial activity, biofilm inhibition and free radical scavenging activity and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assays using in vitro models. The method is novel in terms of its optimization procedure and the particle formed naturally and very fast when compared to other procedure reported earlier. Further, ours is the first study that reports the potential of silver nanoparticle synthesized from A. japonica against mushroom tyrosinase enzyme by in-vitro testing. Tyrosinase is the enzyme that causes hyper pigmentation by producing the melanin and melanosomes in the skin. The silver nanoparticle produced herein is efficient in reducing the enzyme.