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Biorefineries
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Isabella De Bari, Daniela Cuna, Nicola Di Fidio, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Furfural is a molecule already produced on an industrial scale from dehydration of C5 sugars. It can be used for the synthesis of biofuels. 2,5 Dimethyl furan (DMF) is an attractive biofuel because it has an energy density 40% greater than ethanol. It is also chemically stable and does not absorb moisture from the atmosphere. 2-Methylfuran is even more compact than DMF, and this could imply a higher knock resistance. The lower boiling temperature is expected to favor mixture formation (Thewes et al. 2011). Despite these potentialities, both these biofuels dissolve plastic materials, and their use as blends in today’s vehicles is not possible. Besides its use in blends, 2-methylfuran can be the precursor of various condensation reactions, producing nonpolar alkanes, suitable for high-quality diesel fuel (Corma et al. 2011).
An Overview of Catalytic Bio-oil Upgrading, Part 1:
Published in Ozcan Konur, Biodiesel Fuels, 2021
Jianghao Zhang, Junming Sun, Yong Wang
Other C–C bond formation reactions, such as alkylation and hydroalkylation, also build up larger compounds. Alkylation is the introduction of an alkyl group into an organic compound by substitution or addition. Similar to alkylation, hydroalkylation reactions also increase the carbon number of furans and phenols. Corma et al. (2011) converted 2-methylfuran with a consecutive hydroxyalkylation, alkylation, and hydrodeoxygenation. By hydroalkylation reaction, 2-methylfuran firstly reacted with aldehyde forming the furanic alcohol. Further alkylation with the second 2-methyl furan followed by HDO formed 6-alkyl undecane. Readers are referred to the literature for detailed discussion (Corma et al., 2011; Li et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2012).
Study on the Pyrolysis Kinetics of Corn and Qualification of Pyrolysis Products
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Heng Yu, Congxue Yao, Yifan Zhou, Jingwen Wang, Wenru Zeng, Lei Song, Xiaowei Mu, Yuan Hu
Three major pyrolysis products of corn, furfural, 3-penten-1-ol, 2-methylfuran, are attributed to the pyrolysis of starch and cellulose. Benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-furan and 2-vinylfuran may be attributed to the pyrolysis of cellulose and dimethyl disulfide, and 2-propylene oxide-cyclobutene may be attributed to the pyrolysis of protein in corn. However, 2,5-furandicarbaldehyde, which accounts for 8.3%, is not found in the pyrolysis products of starch or cellulose or other components (proteins, fats), indicating that the common pyrolysis interaction of the main components of corn leads to the emergence of new pyrolysis products. In addition, Cyclopent-4-ene-1,3-dione, N-(furan-3-ylmethylene-hydroxylcarbonylmethyl)-benzamide, naphthalene, 3-butyltetrahydro-2-methyl Base-trans-furan, and 2-cyclopropyl-pentane could not be attributed to any components of corn. All the results discovered above prove that during the pyrolysis of corn flour, there is a strong chemical reaction between different components, resulting in new compounds in the pyrolysis of corn.
Process analysis for biphasic dehydration of xylose: effects of solvents on the purification of furfural
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Jiwon An, Geunjeong Lee, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Myung-June Park
Conversion of biomass promises sustainable, inherently safe, and eco-friendly production of useful chemicals [1,2], among which furfural is a key bio-based platform chemical that can replace oil-based products. Several interesting compounds, including furfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran (2-MF), and tetrahydrofuran, can be produced from furfural [3], and furfural can also be used in the synthesis of bioplastics, jet fuels, and alkanes [4–7].