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UAS Propulsion System Design
Published in R. Kurt Barnhart, Douglas M. Marshall, Eric J. Shappee, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2021
Michael T. Most, Graham Feasey
Four-stroke engines afford certain design benefits: less vibration (in comparison to a two-stroke engine), quieter operation, relatively high torque, and a broader power band. When range and endurance are important factors in the anticipated mission of the UAS, four-stroke engines offer the major advantage of providing the higher fuel efficiency than two-stroke internal combustion engines. On the other hand, they are also generally heavier, more complex, and expensive than two-cycle engines. Four-stroke aviation engines have relatively high compression ratios that require higher octane fuel to prevent preignition of the fuel. Aviation engines use aviation gasoline (AVGas) that uses tetraethyl lead (TEL) to boost octane number.
Products
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Aviation gasoline (avgas) is a form of motor gasoline that is used for aviation piston engines. With limited aviation piston engines in use, the avgas market is very small and only accounts for a few percent of the gasoline market. The distillation range of avgas is usually within the limits of 30 to 180°C (86 to 356°F) compared to −1 to 200°C (30 to 390°F) for automobile gasoline, a narrower range that ensures better distribution of the vaporized fuel in aircraft engines. Vapor pressure is limited to reduce boiling in the tanks and fuel lines at the low pressures encountered at high altitude, which means that avgas does not usually contain any gaseous hydrocarbons such as butanes. Aircraft using gasoline require high RON fuel suitable with the cruising speed.
Environmental Concerns in General Aviation
Published in Elizabeth A. Hoppe, Ethical Issues in Aviation, 2018
Even though lead is no longer generally in auto fuel, it still lingers in aviation gasoline, known as 100 octane, low-lead (100LL) avgas. Most aircraft piston engines were originally designed with a relatively low compression ratio to run on fuel with a lower octane rating. A leaded fuel with a high-octane rating is overkill for them. However, some higher compression engines cannot operate on lower octane fuels. Because it is impractical to supply several different types of fuel at each airport, the industry has standardized a single fuel that works for essentially all gasoline piston engines, 100LL avgas. Once something is established in certified aircraft, it is difficult to remove. Safety and liability issues discourage change within the FAA and throughout the aviation industry. Without effective feedback from those who suffer the damage, the pace of change is glacial. Thus, lead remains in standard avgas until at least 2018.
Minimum amount of diesel in jet fuel detected by simulated Distillation FID gas chromatography that can influence DEF STAN
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Imran Ahmed Naqvi, Tawfiq Al Ruwaished, Ahmad A Wedhaya, Saleh Al Abbas
Jet fuel is an essential part of the aviation industry designed for aircraft gas-turbine engines. The majority of quality tests for aircraft turbine fuels are undertaken routinely on every large fuel supply (Swinley and Coning 2019). The appearance of jet fuel is clear and bright. There are various types of aviation fuels, but jet A and jet A-1 are the most prevalent for commercial aircraft. These fuels are manufactured in compliance with international standards and norms. The other jet fuel, jet B, is often used in turbine-powered civil aviation, which is essential in severely cold weather conditions. The aviation gasoline (AVGAS) used in piston-engine airplanes has a significantly lower flash point than kerosene. The flash point is one of the most essential characteristics of kerosene for preventing safety hazards. It is regulated stringent international requirements, particularly those of the latest versions of the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems (AFQRJOS 2018), the British DEF STAN 91-91/12 standard, the ASTM D1655 (ASTM D1655 2021) standard, and the NATO F-35 specification.
Some issues affecting potential stakeholder uptake of sustainable aviation fuel within Australia: a case study conducted at Darwin International Airport
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020
Nicholas S. Bardell, Michael J. Ashton
Since there is no product pipeline linking Vopak and Darwin International Airport, all specifications of aviation fuel (Jet A-1, F-34 and AVGAS) are transported by double-road tankers. Figure 1 shows a schematic of this general arrangement.