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Materials for Nanoemulsions and Their Influence on the Biofate
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Nanoemulsion formulations, being made up of oils which are composed of triglycerides, are prone to oxidation upon exposure to air due to the presence of conjugated double bonds and possible delocalization of electrons. Therefore, oxidation needs to be prevented either by addition of synthetic lipids or antioxidants (reducing agents, blocking agents or synergists) particularly in the case of multi dose preparations. Even today, α-tocopherol is used often as an antioxidant to stabilize lipid emulsion for prolonged storage conditions (Bonferoni et al., 2018). Therefore, α-tocopherol (0.001–0.002%, w/w) should be included in a typical lipid emulsion formulation for ocular use. Other possible antioxidants include deferoxamine mesylate, ascorbic acid, butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT), sodium bisulfite, metabisulfite, thiourea and EDTA (Singh, 2017).
Industrial Scope with High-Value Biomolecules from Microalgae
Published in Kalyan Gayen, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Sunil K. Maity, Sustainable Downstream Processing of Microalgae for Industrial Application, 2019
Chetan Paliwal, Asha A. Nesamma, Pannaga P. Jutur
Tocopherols are another class of lipid-soluble antioxidant biomolecules synthesized only in photosynthetic organisms (Maeda et al. 2005). They are amphipathic molecules made up of a chromanol polar head group attached with a phytyl chain (hydrophobic) and play a key role in inhibiting lipid peroxidation due to reactive oxygen species, along with participating in the signalling cascades and expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation (Wawrzyniak et al. 2013). α-tocopherol is the most abundant tocopherol and exhibits the highest in vivo antioxidant activity and functions in rendering membrane stability and electron transport chains. Tocopherol is widely used as a dietary supplement to prevent oxidative damages caused by stress or pollution, and it also has hypocholestemic, antimutagenic, and cardioprotective health benefits (Kottuparambil, Thankamony, and Agusti 2019).
Electrospraying and Spinning Techniques
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
Maria Leena, K.S. Yoha, J.A. Moses, C. Anandharamakrishnan
In another study, alpha-tocopherol (α-TOC) (biologically active form of vitamin E), which is commonly applied in beverage products and used as supplements in nutraceuticals, is also preserved by encapsulation within nanofibers. Soluble dietary fibers (SDF) extracted from rice bran, which have good oxygen barrier properties, were used in combination with zein to protect α-TOC through the formation of nanofibers and films (Li et al., 2016). Addition of SDF to zein nanofibers protected α-TOC from a pplied heat, UV irradiation, and storage conditions, and retained (~85 µg/100 µg) α-TOC even after exposure to UV light (253.7 nm, 40 W) for 8 hr at room temperature and (~73 µg/100 µg) after 15 days of storage at room temperature. This is much higher than the earlier reported liposomal carrier system, which retained 65 µg/100 µg of vitamin E, after storage at 25˚C for 15 days (Zhao et al., 2011).
Chitosan nano-composites applications for water remediation
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Ashwaq M. Alnemari, Moustapha E. Moustapha, Amr A. Hassan, Dina Salah
Studying antimicrobial activities against different pathogens, such as bacteria and fungi, using chitosan biopolymer conjugated with various nanomaterials attracted many researchers. Bi et al. compared two different membranes by adding D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) to silicon oxide nanoparticles into Chitosan or Chitosan alone. α-tocopherol is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects the cell membrane against lipid peroxidation. Silicon dioxide nanoparticles are stable, nontoxic, and also safe food additives. And its addition to chitosan improves its mechanical strength, heat resistance, gas barrier, also antimicrobial effects. Adding (TPGS) to the complex changes their physical and chemical properties, such as crystallinity, moisture content, water vapour/oxygen permeability, tensile strength, and elongation upon distortion. Their studies show better TPGS/silicon dioxide nanoparticles/chitosan membrane properties than TPGS/chitosan. This membrane also showed enhanced free radical capture and oxidative stability, so it is a good antioxidant and enhances antimicrobial activity against four different food pathogens. This membrane can be used as a protective food-packing protecting layer (Z. Khan & AL-Thabaiti, 2022).
Regulation of inflammatory response of macrophages and induction of regulatory T cells by using retinoic acid-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Khadijah Zai, Narumi Ishihara, Hiroyuki Oguchi, Masato Hirota, Akihiro Kishimura, Takeshi Mori, Koji Hase, Yoshiki Katayama
The conventional preparation procedures of NLC use high temperature to melt solid lipid component to prepare pre-emulsion, then the size of the pre-emulsion is reduced by ultrasonication or high-pressure homogenizer [19,20]. Because ATRA is sensitive to high temperatures [14], the conventional preparation procedures of NLC are not suited. To avoid high temperatures, we prepared NLC containing ATRA (NLC-RA) by using organic solvent to dissolve lipids and ATRA to prepare the pre-emulsion at ambient temperature. The formulation of NLC consists of a core matrix of glycerol monostearate and α-tocopherol as a solid and a liquid lipid, respectively. α-Tocopherol is antioxidant, which is expected to suppress inflammation by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) [21,22]. The anti-oxidative function of α-tocopherol may contribute to protect ATRA from radical species which generate during preparation of NLC. As stabilizers of NLC, we used combination of a neutral polymer (Pluronic F127) and phospholipids. All the components of NLC we selected are approved materials for clinical application.