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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
There are five classes of antibodies:Immunoglobulin A (IgA) found in secretions such as saliva, tears and protects against organisms that may invade gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) which is formed initially and provides a temporary protection following exposure of the body to a new threat until immunoglobulin G is made.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) takes over from IgM to provide long-lasting protection against a specific threat.Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (sometimes called the ‘allergy’ antibody) is responsible for allergic reactions. IgE is usually produced against harmful substances but in some cases with an inherited disorder, IgE is formed in excessive amounts to substances that are usually not harmful to the majority of the population. These ‘atopic’ individuals thus react abnormally or disproportionately to a substance that should be harmless.Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a unique immunoglobulin with a concentration in serum far below those of IgG, IgA, and IgM but much higher than that of IgE. IgD’s function has long been a conundrum and is still incompletely understood.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
There are five classes of antibodies: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is found in secretions such as saliva, tears and protects against organisms that may invade gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) which is formed initially and provides a temporary protection following exposure of the body to a new threat until immunoglobulin G is made.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) takes over from IgM to provide long-lasting protection against a specific threat.Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (sometimes called the ‘allergy’ antibody) is responsible for allergic reactions. IgE is usually produced against harmful substances but in some cases with an inherited disorder, IgE is formed in excessive amounts to substances that are usually not harmful to the majority of the population. These ‘atopic’ individuals thus react abnormally or disproportionately to a substance that should be harmless.Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a unique immunoglobulin with a concentration in serum far below those of IgG, IgA and IgM but much higher than that of IgE. IgD’s function has long been a conundrum and is still incompletely understood. Several chemicals are produced by the body in allergic responses, of which histamine is the best known and causes the well-known symptoms of itching, swelling, redness and increased production of mucus.
Application of Artificial Intelligence on Post Pandemic Situation and Lesson Learn for Future Prospects
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Priyanka Dwivedi, Achintya Kumar Sarkar, Chinmay Chakraborty, Monoj Singha, Vineet Rojwal
As discussed, earlier CoV-2 has several proteins like spike (S), nucleoprotein (N), envelope protein, glycoprotein, membrane matrix protein etc. These proteins can also be used for antigens to detect it. Among all the proteins S and N proteins are mostly used as antigen-based detection. Similar to antigen, antibodies like immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) are effective to determine the virus using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (Xiang et al., 2020). ELISA is an enzyme-based detection method. But the ELISA method is a time-consuming process. To shorten the diagnostics time, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is used (Yu et al., 2020). Though these processes are reliable and able to diagnose the virus, it has some drawbacks like it is a time-consuming process or the microchip is not available in sufficient amounts. Therefore, there is a need for technology to shorten the processing time or use alternative methods for diagnostic purposes.