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Innovations in Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurements
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
The blood for liquid biopsies is obtained minimally invasively by hypodermic withdrawal from a blood vessel, or by taking a few drops from a finger prick. Circulating blood contains tiny amounts of free-floating DNA (oligos), called circulating free DNA (cfDNA). The major source of this cfDNA is from the nuclei and mitochondria of cells that die (generally from natural or therapeutically induced cell apoptosis). These destroyed cells can include epithelial cells whose lifetime has expired, cells that have been infected by microorganisms, and, most importantly, cancer cells attacked by the IS or anticancer treatments (e.g., radiation, drugs). Since cancer is a genetic disease, rapid detection and characterization of cfDNA by modern sequencing methods can be used to noninvasively detect and type dying cancer cells that shed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). This characterization can lead to the identification of therapeutic targets and drug-resistance-conferring gene mutations on ctDNA from tumors as well as circulating (metastatic) tumor cells (CTCs). This blood sampling and DNA characterization process has been called a “liquid biopsy” (Heitzer et al. 2015, Heitzer et al. 2013, Alix-Panabières and Pantel 2013a,b,c, Diaz and Bardelli 2014). On the other hand, Gorski 2015 argued that “… it's way, way too early to consider using them, [that is, liquid biopsies] as screening tests for cancer in asymptomatic patients. … The potential of genomic tests is huge, but such tests need to be validated by science before being offered to patients on a large scale.”
Machine Interaction-Based Computational Tools in Cancer Imaging
Published in Nishu Gupta, Srinivas Kiran Gottapu, Rakesh Nayak, Anil Kumar Gupta, Mohammad Derawi, Jayden Khakurel, Human-Machine Interaction and IoT Applications for a Smarter World, 2023
Praveen Kumar Gupta, Anushree Vinayak Lokur, Shweta Sudam Kallapur, Ryna Shireen Sheriff, A. H. Manjunatha Reddy, V. Chayapathy, Rajendran Sindhu, E. Keshamma
In cancer imaging, AI is applied to three main tasks: identification, designation, and tumor tracking [5]: Identification: It indicates object localization in the radiographs and they are familiarized as computer-aided detection (CADe). This step reduces the error in the initial stage detection and it contains the pattern generation and pattern recognition steps. CADe is used as an auxiliary tool along with LDCT screening to detect brain metastasis in MRI. This step detects the microcalcification clusters in the screening of mammography that indicates early breast carcinoma.Designation: It captures tumor staging, segmentation, prognostication, and outcome-based specific modalities. The level of abnormality can be indicated by segmentation. It ranges from two-dimensional measurement of tumor diameter to the volumetric segmentation of tumor and surrounding tissues assessed. This information is used for the dosage administration calculation. The limitations and inconsistent reproducibility of cells are what define tumors in current practice. Then it detects whether a tumor is benign or malignant.Tumor tracking: Temporal monitoring of tumors is limited to tumor predefined matrices, including the longest diameter of the tumor. In AI, the geometry of tumors is expressed via the revolutionary imaging instruments and biomarkers are developed for the longitudinal tracking of tumors. Liquid biopsy and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) released from tumor cell are used for monitoring and provide information about resistance-associated cancer mutations in real time. So liquid biopsies combined with radiography increase the efficiency of cancer treatment.
Trends in Cancer Screening: Different Diagnostic Approaches
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
Cancer deaths are avoidable by early detection. Various detection methods are being used for the diagnosis of cancer. To check the growth of this disease, precise screening is required. There are different epidemiologic concepts to understand biomarkers and other tests used for earlier detection of new or recurrent cancer (Al-Shaheri et al., 2021; de Kock et al., 2021; Henning, Barashi and Smith, 2021; Jalil, Pandey and Kumar, 2021; Mollasalehi and Shajari, 2021; Özgür et al., 2021; Vandghanooni et al., 2021). In simple words, screening is a method of detecting cancer at its early or late stage among individuals who have a higher chance of getting cancer. Sensitivity is the ability of the test to indicate those who have cancer among the population with cancer, whereas specificity defines the ability of the test to recognize those who do not have cancer among the population without cancer. Several screening tests have been shown to detect early cancer and can reduce the number of deaths from cancer. Some tests are used only for early detection but cannot reduce the deaths from cancer (Rapisuwon et al., 2016). Currently, the use of circulating markers is considered as the most robust and effective method for detection (Lin, Huang and Chang, 2011; Marcuello et al., 2019; Alizadeh Savareh et al., 2020; Azad et al., 2020; Valihrach, Androvic and Kubista, 2020; Vandghanooni et al., 2021; Vasantharajan et al., 2021). The development of circulating nucleic acid markers allows the use of minimally invasive serial blood samples to assess the mutational status (Chiacchiarini et al., 2021; Goodman and Speers, 2021; Hulstaert et al., 2021; Lin and Chang, 2021; Palmela Leitão et al., 2021). ctDNA (circulating tumor DNA) is found to be present at higher concentrations in blood, independent of the concentration of CTCs (circulating tumor cells). It exhibits a response to chemotherapy or molecular targeted therapy (Rapisuwon et al., 2016). Circulating RNAs are potent cancer markers. As a result of cell proliferation and stromal remodeling, different RNA species are found to be deregulated. Circulating RNA markers show greater precision than other markers. So, circulating blood-based marker screening tests for cancer are feasible regarding sensitivity and specificity (Schiffman et al., 2015).
Therapeutical potential of metal complexes of quinoxaline derivatives: a review
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Chrisant William Kayogolo, Maheswara Rao Vegi, Bajarang Bali Lal Srivastava, Mtabazi Geofrey Sahini
DNA binding studies showed that 32 and its complexes (33a-d) bind with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) via groove binding mode as shown by the absence of significant change in the viscosity of ctDNA and lower intrinsic binding constant (Kb) values (5.05 × 105, 9.32 × 104, 6.55 × 104, 1.45 × 105, 5.80 × 104 M‒1 for 32, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes, respectively). The DNA cleavage studies revealed that only Cu(II) was able to completely cleave the pUC18 DNA in the presence of an oxidant (H2O2) while the other compounds had no DNA cleaving activity under similar conditions. The mechanism by which the Cu(II) complex cleaved DNA was by an oxidative mechanism where the ROS are formed when the redox-active Cu(II) complex acts with DNA in an oxidizing environment. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the complexes to be redox-active species with the ligand representing an irreversible process, the Co(II)/Co(I) and Ni(II)/Ni(I) had irreversible reduction couples, and Zn(II) shows an irreversible anodic peak. The Cu(II) complex displayed quasi-reversible couples, one for Cu(II)/Cu(I) and another for Cu(I)/Cu(II); the redox process was metal-centered and not ligand-centered.