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COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
ZydusCadila, India also developed a plasmid DNA vaccine candidate, ZyCoV-D, to administer intradermally by needle-free injectors (84). The study in rhesus macaques demonstrated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine. Phase 1 of a phase 1/2 trial indicated that the ZyCoV-D vaccine is safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic (85). Recently, ZydusCadila announced that in an interim analysis the ZyCoV-D vaccine showed 66.6% efficacy (86).
Polymer-based nano-therapies to combat COVID-19 related respiratory injury: progress, prospects, and challenges
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
In the novel vaccine development for COVID-19, some studies have indicated that the viral S protein or receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain of S protein can be an excellent target for vaccine preparation in order to enhance the immunological response.[137] Different mRNA, DNA, and non-replicating adenovirus vector-based vaccines are under clinical trial to check their efficacy in COVID-19 treatment. The University of Oxford, in collaboration with AstraZeneca, developed a vaccine (AZD1222; formerly known as ChAdOX1) composed of a non-replicating adenovirus vector and able to replicate the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.[138] Some recently developed mRNA vaccine candidates are Moderna’s mRNA-1273 (NCT04405076), Arcturus Therapeutics’ LUNAR-COV19, BioNTech and Pfizer’s BNT162a1, b1, b2, and c2, Globe Biotech’s BANCOVID, and an CVnCoV developed by CureVac.[139–143] These mRNA vaccine candidates target the S protein (or a specific region of S protein) of the SARS-CoV-2 cell surface. On the other hand, vaccine candidates developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals (INO-4800), Genexine’s GX-19, and Zydus Cadila’s ZyCoV-D are some DNA vaccines targeting viral S protein.[144,145] Epivax is a cocktail vaccine made up of antigens (i.e. non-structural proteins and nucleoproteins) other than S protein to provide partial protection against the virus.[146] Gamaleya Research institute developed Gam-COVID-Vac, and CanSino Biologics developed Ad5-nCoV to fight against SARS-CoV-2.[147] Johnson & Johnson also developed a vaccine candidate (Ad26.COV2.S), a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding a stabilized full-length SARS-CoV-2 S protein.[148] Previously, this Ad26 vector was approved by the European Medicines Agency for the Respiratory syncytial virus, Zika virus, and Ebola virus.[148,149] Vaccine made of Ad26 vector is considered safe and highly immunogenic.[149] A couple of vaccine candidates developed by Sinopharm in collaboration with the Beijing Institute of Biological Products are currently in phase III clinical trial[146]. Some other protein-based vaccines, including COVAX-19 by Vaxine PTY Ltd. and NVX-CoV2373 by Novavax, are under clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy against COVID-19.[150] So far, vaccine candidates developed by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, CanSino, Sinopharm, Gamaleya, and Sinovac have been approved by health regulatory agencies throughout the world for early and emergency use.[151]