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Graphene-Based Electrochemicals and Biosensors for Multifaceted Applications in Healthcare
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
G. Manasa, Nagaraj Shetti, Ronald J. Mascarenhas, Kakarla Raghava Reddy
Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted through mosquito bites, and differential diagnosis is still challenging as the disease symptoms overlap with dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Although non-structural protein-1 (NS-1) is commonly located in many other flaviviruses, the ZIKV-NS-1 protein has been substantiated to have a distinct conformation and characteristics that differentiate it from other flaviviruses such as the dengue. Faria and Mazon [101] targeted this property and developed an EC immunosensor based on ZnO nanostructures immobilized with anti-ZIKV-non-structural protein-1 (ZIKV-NS-1) antibodies. The seeding layer of the working electrode was composed of GO on which the zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO-NR) were synthesized using chemical bath deposition. Subsequently, on to the ZnO-NR, anti-ZIKV-NS-1 antibodies were immobilized via cystamine and glutaraldehyde.
Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Zika virus is an important arbovirus infection. The infection has been reported for many years, but it comes the well-known problem when there is a big outbreak in South American tropical countries. This viral infection has a similar clinical presentation to other arbovirus infection, but there might be a wider clinical spectrum. This arbovirus infection becomes the problem worldwide due to multimodal transmission of the pathogenic virus. The infection is usually asymptomatic, but there are some reports on the relationship between maternal Zika infection during pregnancy and microcephaly in the offspring. For management of Zika virus infection, there are some reports on using tissue engineering technology. The possibility of regeneration of brain pathology by tissue engineering in cases with congenital Zika virus disease has been proposed (Kostic, 2016; Chakradhar, 2017).
Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of Zika Virus
Published in Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar, Spatial Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological Populations, 2021
Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar
A study published in ‘The Lancet’ reports that India is at high risk for the spread of Zika virus as it hosts a large number of tourists from the areas where there is an active circulation of the virus [80]. Most of Asia’s population lives in areas that are suitable for Zika virus transmission [77]. Other most vulnerable countries include China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria, Vietnam, Pakistan, and Bangladesh [15]. Globally, Zika virus has the potential to spread across all continents. Most cases show no symptoms, but when present, they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever [19]. Symptoms generally last <7 days. The virus has also been detected in serum, saliva, urine, and semen [9,49,81]. It has also been detected in urine and semen even after it disappeared from blood [9]. Recent studies have shown that it can also be transmitted via sexual contact. There are no specific treatments or vaccine available currently. Therefore, efforts have been focused on preventing mosquito bites, advising pregnant women and women trying to get pregnant to avoid active areas of Zika virus transmission.
Affect toward the policy option versus the hazard differentially mediates cultural effects on Americans’ Zika risk perceptions and policy support: Comparing the Solution Aversion-based model and the Affect Heuristic-Cultural Cognition Theory model
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2022
Zika risk in the U.S. was uncertain at the time of these surveys given multiple difficulties in estimating numbers of mosquito vectors, infection and health effects (Christofferson 2016; Lessler et al. 2016). On microcephaly (background U.S. levels = .02%-.12%; Johansson et al. 2016), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found 10% of Zika-infected pregnant Americans birthed children with defects including microcephaly, 15% for first-trimester infections (Reynolds et al. 2017). Yet common U.S. use of window screens and air conditioning was likely to sharply reduce risks versus regions further south in the Western Hemisphere. The Zika outbreak in the U.S. featured limited local (mosquito) transmission in south Florida and Brownsville, Texas; a major outbreak in Puerto Rico; and a few thousand travel-related cases. Objective risk to most Americans from Zika during this period would count as low, and as Kahan et al. (2017, p. 2) noted, their experiments involved “a novel and as-yet non-polarizing risk source: the Zika virus.” Use of Zika as a test bed thus would provide a conservative test for the SA-based and AH-CCT models, as aversion to the hazard itself or to potential policy options might both be low.
Using mathematical modelling to investigate the effect of the sexual behaviour of asymptomatic individuals and vector control measures on Zika
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
S. Bañuelos, M. V. Martinez, C. Mitchell, A. Prieto-Langarica
Zika is a vector-borne disease which is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected female Aedes mosquito, mainly Aedes aegypti (Gao et al., 2016). Aedes aegypti mosquito is the same mosquito that can transmit dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Unlike dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, however, Zika can be transmitted through sexual contact (Allard, Althouse, Hébert-Dufresne, & Scarpino, 2017). The most common symptoms of the Zika virus infection are fever, rash, headache, joint pain, conjunctivitis and muscle pain. Symptoms usually last anywhere from 3 to 14 days (Krow-Lucal, Biggerstaff, & Staples, 2017). Yet not everyone who is infected with Zika displays or experiences any symptoms and, in fact, it is estimated that 80% of people infected with Zika are asymptomatic (Duffy et al., 2009).
Temporal shifts in Americans’ risk perceptions of the Zika outbreak
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Branden B. Johnson, Marcus Mayorga
Zika virus transmission also was relatively unknown to the public when a large breakout occurred in Brazil in 2015, and then elsewhere in South America and the Caribbean. In contrast to Ebola, Zika infection is rarely lethal and infected adults are often asymptomatic, but the virus can be transmitted multiple ways (primarily through transmission by mosquito vectors, but also sexually or through amniotic fluid from infected mothers to their fetuses or during childbirth). An outcome of maternal transmission, identified for the first time in the Brazilian outbreak, was varied birth defects in offspring, including microcephaly (unusually small and misshapen heads).