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The Neck
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Kwong Ming Tse, Jianfei Liu, Victor P.W. Shim, Ee Chong Teo, Peter Vee Sin Lee
Cervical spine injury occurs more frequently in motor vehicle accidents than in the military events, with whiplash injury predominating in motor vehicle accidents (Yadla et al. 2008). Cervical spine injury can have long-lasting devastating effects such as neck pain and stiffness, occipital headache, cognitive function loss, numbness of the upper limbs and even permanent disability (sensory and motor loss in arms, body and legs) to the injured individuals. In its most severe form, cervical spine injury is life threatening or fatal, especially when the injury occurs in the upper cervical vertebrae. It was estimated in 2011 that there are about 12,000 new cases of cervical spine injury in the United States (US) each year, 42% of which are due to motor vehicle accidents (Cervical spine injury, 2016).
A comparison of anti-whiplash seats during low/moderate speed rear-end collisions
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Daniel W. H. Mang, Gunter P. Siegmund, Jean-Sébastien Blouin
We also observed a transition from positive to negative peaks in the neck shear forces (FX) and neck bending moment (MY) in the WHIPS and SAHR seats at speed changes greater than 6 km/h (see Figure 2 and Appendix). These findings, in combination with earlier head contact times and decreased retraction, suggest that the WHIPS and SAHR seats reduce rearward neck loading at the expense of greater and less-injurious forward neck loading. This tradeoff may partially explain why good-rated seats perform better than poor-rated seats at reducing the risk of neck injury (Farmer et al. 2008; Trempel et al. 2016). Anti-whiplash seats are designed to attenuate the kinematics or kinetics thought to be responsible for whiplash injury but, because the injury mechanisms underlying whiplash remain unclear, reducing occupant accelerations (head and torso) and/or minimizing the movement of the head relative to the upper torso may not completely protect occupants against whiplash injuries (Siegmund et al. 2009). Future work is needed to identify the biomechanical factors leading to whiplash injuries to advance the development and effectiveness of anti-whiplash car seats.