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A comparative study of SMA and dense graded HMA mixtures using a laboratory rutting test and accelerated pavement testing
Published in A. Kumar, A.T. Papagiannakis, A. Bhasin, D. Little, Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction II, 2020
Dario Batioja-Alvarez, Jeong Myung, Yu Tian, Jusang Lee, John E. Haddock
HWTT rut depths substantially higher than APT rut depths may be due to several factors particular to testing conditions. The HWTT test temperature was 50°C, slightly higher than the APT test temperature of 47°C. Additionally, the HWTT used a water bath to hold test temperature. Therefore, HWTT results not only include rutting damage, but also possible moisture damage. There are also differences in pavement structures and boundary conditions. While the APT provides a full-scale pavement structure, the HWTT evaluates a 62 mm core. Finally, the APT and HWTT have very different wheel loading conditions. While the APT closely mimics real pavement loading conditions, the HWTT may be a much more aggressive loading. For this reason, rutting measurements from both APT and HWTT should not be expected to be similar or comparable in magnitude.
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Egg white and egg yolk—Egg white and yolk were exposed to constant temperature (±0.2°C) in a water bath for varying exposure times.191 Coagulation was defined as the onset of whiteness (coagulum formation due, apparently, to an increase in scattering in the clear liquid egg white) observed by the naked eye. Water bath temperatures ranged from 60°C to 90°C in 4°C increments. At each temperature, the time to threshold was measured and plotted in accordance with Equation 4.5.22 and rate coefficients determined from linear regression, as described. Approximately 3–5 s were required to obtain whitening in the egg white at 70°C; while in the egg yolk 82°C was required for the same exposure time. The table values have a critical temperature of 76.0°C for egg white and 86.6°C for egg yolk.
The influence of geometry and sample preparation on dynamic shear rheometer testing
Published in S.E. Zoorob, A.C. Collop, S.F. Brown, Performance of Bituminous and Hydraulic Materials in Pavements, 2017
G.D. Airey, A.E. Hunter, B. Rahimzadeh
Various temperature control systems can be used with the DSR, including Peltier, extended temperature module (ETM) and fluid (water) bath systems. The Peltier system uses a thermo-electric effect, with a particularly quick response time, to control temperature. A drawback of the system is that only the lower, fixed plate is heated. The ETM system operates by electromagnetic induction heating of both the upper and lower plates. The system where the sample is submerged in a fluid (water) bath consists of a fluid which is circulated between a temperature control water bath and the water chamber surrounding the test geometry (see Fig. 1). The fluid provides rapid heat transfer and is very reliable with respect to temperature control.
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Latent Heat Storage Using Novel Quadruple Helical Fins
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2022
Athimoolam Sundaramahalingam, Selvaraj Jegadheeswaran
The rotameter measures the water (HTF) flow rate with an accuracy of ± 2%. Six PT100 RTD sensors (accuracy: 0.1 °C) are used to measure the temperatures of PCM at six different positions. The three pairs of sensors, T1 and T2, T3 and T4 and T5 and T6 are positioned at a height of 5, 10, and 15 cm, respectively from the top. For T1, T3 and T5, a distance of 2 cm (right side) from the center is maintained whereas T2, T4 and T6 are located at a distance of 4 cm (left side) from the center of the pipe. Additionally, two probes (Tin and Tout) are placed inside the copper tube at the HTF inlet and outlet. The data acquisition system comprises of temperature sensors, 24 V temperature controller, relay switch circuit, Arduino, and a personal computer. An 8-channel relay switch circuit operated by Arduino UNO is used to capture the temperatures values which are stored in the personal computer at an interval of 5 minutes. The charging process is initiated by pumping the HTF to flow through the inner tube at 80 °C with flow rate 1 L/min. Temperature controlled water bath supplies water at constant temperature. The charging process is carried out till all the temperature sensors read values above melting point. After complete melting, the discharging process is initiated by the flow of cold water at 27 °C at the same rate as in the charging process and temperature values of PCM and HTF are recorded.
Adsorption and inhibition performance of the novel cationic Gemini surfactant as a safe corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
M. Abdallah, M. A. Hegazy, M. Alfakeer, H. Ahmed
The CS specimens with a dimension of 5 cm × 3 cm × 0.5 cm were abraded with a series of emery paper (grade 320–500–800–1000–1200) and washed with distilled water and acetone. After weighing accuracy, the samples were immersed in a closed beaker containing 100 ml of 1.0 M HCl solution with and without different concentrations of the synthesized inhibitor at various temperatures in the range 20–80°C. The temperature was adjusted by water bath supplied with a thermostat control ±1°C. The CS specimens were taken out after 24 h. Then rinsed with distilled water two times and degreased with acetone. Afterward, the specimens were immersed in 1 M HCl solution for 10 s (chemical method for cleaning rust products), rinsed twice with distilled water, dried, and accurately weighted. Each experiment was repeated three times and the average value was taken. Then, the tests were repeated at different temperatures.
Experimental investigation of the distortion temperature parameter of polymer matrix composites for solar panel applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
K. Karthik, A. Manimaran, J. Udayaprakash
The water bath is a device which is used to maintain a constant temperature and also increase the temperature at uniform rate. We use the water bath because water retains heat, using water baths was one of the very first means of incubation. Table 1 shows specification of the heat distortion test (Figure 3).