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Microbiological Quality of Environmental Samples
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Candida albicans possibly live in wastewater effluents and may pollute recreational waters and streams. A large number of women have vaginal candidiasis from contaminated baths and beaches. Vaginal candidiasis causes irritation, severe itching, and a thick, yellow discharge with a yeasty odor.
Effect of bladder and rectal loads on the vaginal canal and levator ani in varying pelvic floor conditions
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2018
Arnab Chanda, Vinu Unnikrishnan
The female pelvic system is one of the most complex biomechanical systems, the study of which can be mainly categorized under obstetrics and gynecology [1]. The most important organ in the female pelvic system is the vaginal canal, which is connected to the urinary bladder on the anterior side and rectum in the posterior side by fascial (musculo-connective) tissue contacts shown in Figure 1. The pelvic floor muscles support the pelvic organs, holds them in place and allows them to interact normally. During the various stages of labor and childbirth, the vaginal structure undergoes drastic changes, accompanied by tissue stiffening and weakening of the pelvic floor muscles [2]. This often leads to a medical condition known as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) [3, 4], where the pelvic organs may prolapse onto the vaginal canal causing discomfort, pressure, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) [5], or sexual dysfunction. A condition in which the urinary bladder prolapses onto the anterior vaginal wall (AVW) is known as Cystocele, which is the most common form of POP suffered by over 300,000 women in the United States every year. Rectocele, which involves the prolapse of the rectum onto the posterior vaginal wall (PVW) is the second most common form of POP. Extensive anatomical studies on the female pelvic system, and cohort studies with POP patients have allowed doctors to understand the symptoms associated with prolapse. However, to date, there is a significant lack of understanding on the induced mechanics of prolapse, which is based on the interactions between the pelvic organs and the vaginal canal under varying pelvic floor conditions.