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Physical Hazards of Space Exploration and the Biological Bases of Behavioral Health and Performance in Extreme Environments
Published in Lauren Blackwell Landon, Kelley J. Slack, Eduardo Salas, Psychology and Human Performance in Space Programs, 2020
Julia M. Schorn, Peter G. Roma
Although the negative valence domain is critical to understand risks to physiological and psychological performance in space, the positive valence domain is no less important in the space environment. Positive valence behaviors include approach and reward-seeking, social interaction, and reduced stress responses. Reward and reinforcement processes primarily rely on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in the midbrain. GABA and glutamate input to the VTA projects dopamine to the NAcc, which is associated with the experience of pleasure or reward (Salamone, Correa, Mingote, & Weber, 2005). Decreased dopamine responses are thus associated with anhedonia and mood disorders (Berridge & Kringelbach, 2015; Heller et al., 2009; Nestler & Carlezon, 2006; Supekar et al., 2018).
The interactions of diet-induced obesity and organophosphate flame retardant exposure on energy homeostasis in adult male and female mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Gwyndolin M. Vail, Sabrina N. Walley, Ali Yasrebi, Angela Maeng, Kristie M. Conde, Troy A. Roepke
Locomotor motivation is a complex and multifaceted behavioral characteristic, which is influenced by more than just the search for food. Through the lens of energy homeostasis, activity is associated with energy expenditure, a process tightly under hormonal control and particularly through 17β-estradiol (E2) (Lopez and Tena-Sempere 2015; Rettberg, Yao, and Brinton 2014). Energy expenditure is controlled, in part, by actions of hypothalamic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Nahon 2006), and activity of these neurons may be modulated by E2 in an energy state-sensitive manner (Gao et al. 2007; Roepke et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2011). Because OPFRs interact with ERs, their exposure may be impinging on estrogenic mediation of energy homeostasis, and increasing the risk of metabolic disruption. Further, activity is not only dictated by energy status, motivation and mood may also be involved, and lack of motivation to move is symptomatic and causative for a variety of mood disorders (Schwartz et al. 2000; Zhai, Zhang, and Zhang 2015). Future studies may benefit from exploring OPFR action on brain regions involved in motivation such as the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and dorsal media habenula (Hsu et al. 2014; Kim 2013).