China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bionanomaterials and Their Recent Advancements in Tissue Engineering Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Ponnusamy Arulpriya, Thangavel Krishnaveni, Krishnasamy Lakshmi, Krishna Kadirvelu
The human urinary system strains metabolic and end products from the blood. Once the excretory parts are damaged or injured, they are replaced by tissue-engineering applications. Urology enclosed renal tissue, nephron, kidney, bladder, ureter, urethral stricture, complicated hypospadias, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, bladder cancer, detrusor over activity, chronic inflammations, granulomas, latrogenic injuries, ureteric tumours and ureteric strictures are all parts replaced by natural biomaterials, which are biocompatible and biodegradable. These biomaterials can also enhance nerve and vascular regeneration and improve cellular differentiation; and are not lethal to the cells, have an unlimited supply and are noncarcinogenic and cost-effective. For custom-made physical and mechanical properties as well as for preparing urology tissue, these biomaterials have some specific properties such as being stretchable, soft, shape memory, watertight and resistant to encrustation and biofilm formation (Singh et al., 2018).
Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Endoscopic surgery of the urinary bladder is a common procedure. In this case, however, the bladder is filled with a clear liquid (saline), not a gas. As thermal imaging cannot detect infrared radiation through saline, it has not been used in this type of procedure. However, infrared cautery from holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) lasers delivered through an optical fiber is common in urology and can be strong enough to break up bladder or kidney stones.252 Orthopedic endoscopic procedures are also performed within joint spaces distended with clear saline, thus they share the same thermal characteristics and limitations as cystoscopic procedures. Laryngoscopic thermography is useful in determining pathology of the vocal cords; however, as the cords are exposed to cool air (thereby providing more thermal contrast, at least during inspiration), this is a different physical situation than true endoscopic closed-cavity thermography.253
Current Role and Evolution of MRI Fusion Biopsy for Prostate Cancer
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Gyan Pareek, Jasjit S. Suri, Prostate Cancer Imaging, 2018
Danielle Velez, Joseph Brito, Joseph Renzulli
The American Urology Association (AUA) recommends screening for prostate cancer (PCa) in men aged 55–70 who are without risk factors or family history.1 Screening involves a digital rectal exam (DRE) and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the combination of which helps to provide a level of risk of prostate cancer to the patient. The gold standard for the actual diagnosis of prostate cancer remains the transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS biopsy), which relies on a standard sextant template, randomly sampling the prostate at the base, mid, and apex levels, with two samples taken from each level from the right and left lobes, resulting in 12 cores. While it has proven to be a useful tool, ultrasound (US) alone is inadequate for visualizing suspicious prostatic lesions. Although cores are obtained in a systematic fashion, there is a risk of the biopsy needle missing a focus of intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer.2 Prostate biopsy itself is not without morbidity, as it is uncomfortable and invasive, can lead to transient hematuria and hematochezia, and carries a rate of post-biopsy sepsis from 0.6% to 5.7%.3
Potential strategies to prevent encrustations on urinary stents and catheters – thinking outside the box: a European network of multidisciplinary research to improve urinary stents (ENIUS) initiative
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Ali Abou-Hassan, Alexandre Barros, Noor Buchholz, Dario Carugo, Francesco Clavica, Petra de Graaf, Julia de La Cruz, Wolfgang Kram, Filipe Mergulhao, Rui L Reis, Ilya Skovorodkin, Federico Soria, Seppo Vainio, Shaokai Zheng
Urological stents and catheters are hollow tubes, which maintain urinary drainage and manage obstructions [1]. They are used extensively in urology to provide a minimally invasive treatment for a wide range of indications including kidney stones, tumors, strictures, and infection. They can also facilitate healing as a scaffold after injury or anastomosis, or be used as a prophylactic measure against stricture formation [2]. In modern urological practice, ureter stents and bladder catheters, and to a lesser extent urethral and prostate stents, have become indispensable tools. Over the course of time, many improvements in designs and constitutive materials have taken place in an attempt to improve their efficacy. Nevertheless, they remain associated with several adverse effects that limit their value as tools for long-term urinary drainage. Infection, encrustation, migration, hyperplastic urothelial reaction, and patient discomfort are the most common problems [3,4]. Certain adverse effects can be alleviated to some extent by modifying materials and coatings [5], by changes in design, [6,7] and by adjusting the length and the position of the devices within the bladder [8]. However, such changes had so far elicited only limited effects.
The image-based analysis and classification of urine sediments using a LeNet-5 neural network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Taihao Li, Di Jin, Cuifen Du, Xiumei Cao, Haige Chen, Jianshe Yan, Na Chen, Zhenyi Chen, Zhenzhen Feng, Shupeng Liu
To evaluate the performance of proposed LeNet-5, we collected microscopic images of urine sediments from 42 bladder tumour patients. All 42 urine samples were provided by the Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Among them were 30 cases of bladder cancer (BCa), 11 cases of benign cystitis (CYS) and one case of a patient who had not yet undergone surgery. All the enrolled patients did not have any other cancer or drug abuse. We acquired 50 microscopic images per each specimen and performed pre-processing on the images, including noise removal and contrast enhancement, thresholding and morphological operations of dilation, erosion, open and close. Median filter with the size 5 × 5 was used for the noise removal and Otsu thresholding was not used. The data were label by one urology doctor and RBC, WBC, EC and crystals were extracted from the microscopic images to set up the training and test datasets for shape recognition.
Value stream map assessment of the extended day: 23h surgery model
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2020
Ulla-Maija Ruohoaho, Merja Kokki, Jouni Hirvonen, Sarianna Joukainen, Sirpa Aaltomaa, Mikael Fraunberg, Ville Leinonen, Jori Reijula
A certain number of surgical procedures were selected for the 23 h process, based on 2013 operational volumes, i.e. the number of patients who spent one night in the hospital, and which procedures were most suitable for the 23 h process. The number of H1 urology patients whose treatment period spanned 24 h or less in 2013 was 280 (procedures included. e.g. kidney stone removals, and transurethral prostatic and urinary bladder resections), the number of plastic surgery patients was 300 (minor breast malign or benign partial resection and breast reductioplasty patients) and neurosurgery patients were 500 (cervical/lumbar decompression or disc herniation).