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Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), and Silver–Gold (Ag–Au) Alloy Nanoparticles: A Review on Recent Advances, Trends, and Biomedical Applications
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences, 2019
Joseph Adetunji Elegbede, Agbaje Lateef
Clinically, conventional methods like the use of heparin have several challenges, including drug instability, extreme hemorrhage; little life of action as well as excessive expenditure of managing the treatment.89 Also, streptokinase and urokinase are in use to preclude clot formation, and for lysis of thrombi. Nonetheless, there are reports of adverse effects with the use of these agents as they also trigger excessive bleeding linked with reocclusion and reinfarction, and this has necessitated the research into deployment of nanomaterials as both anticoagulation and thrombolytic agents.107 The issues and complications related with the use of conventional anticoagulants can be resolved and avoided through the applications of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles can be contrived to specifically work together with the blood coagulation system to avoid various blood disorders.55 The biomedical importance of AgNPs, AuNPs, and Ag–AuNPs as anticoagulants/thrombolytics has been recently reported by many researchers.29,80,89,124
Development of a Biocompatible PLGA Polymers Capable to Release Thrombolytic Enzyme Prourokinase
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Mikhail A. Kaplan, Konstantin V. Sergienko, Anastasia A. Kolmakova, Sergey V. Konushkin, Alexander S. Baikin, Alexey G. Kolmakov, Mikhail A. Sevostyanov, Alexander V. Kulikov, Vladimir E. Ivanov, Konstantin N. Belosludtsev, Sergey S. Antipov, Mikhail Yu. Volkov, Natalya N. Shusharina, Elena V. Karaduleva, Valery A. Kozlov, Alexander V. Simakin, Sergey V. Gudkov
Prourokinase catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which is capable of lysing fibrin clots (blood clots) [20]. The specificity of the action of prourokinase is based on the fact that it predominantly activates plasminogen bound to fibrin, which has a different conformation compared to plasminogen circulating in the bloodstream. In the area of a fibrin clot, prourokinase is insensitive to specific inhibitors present in blood plasma. A single-stranded prourokinase molecule under the influence of plasmin can turn into a double-stranded urokinase molecule, which, in contrast to the single-stranded form of prourokinase, is significantly more active in relation to fibrin-bound plasminogen [21]. A chain reaction of the interaction of recombinant prourokinase with fibrin-bound plasminogen occurs, as a result of which the fibrin clot is lysed.
Purification and characterization of fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MCC2606 and analysis of fibrin degradation product by MS/MS
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2018
Yogesh Devaraj, Savita Kumari Rajender, Prakash Motiram Halami
Cardio vascular diseases (CVDs) accounts largest number of deaths in the world, making world’s number one position as a cause of mortality. As an average, in every 40 s a person dies due to heart attack or any other cardiovascular related disorder.[1] Under normal healthy hemostasis condition of the body, the blood clots if so formed inside blood vessels are degraded by plasmin or fibrinolysin, a major inherent fibrinolytic enzyme in blood. However, under certain abnormal homeostasis condition blood clots remains and this condition aggravated by reduced concentration of plasmin in blood, accumulation of fibrinogen as risk factors and leading to deleterious condition called “thrombosis.”[2345] Thrombosis is one of the important CVDs and is defined by various pathological terms based on the site of formation of thrombus, such as deep vein thrombosis, coronary thrombosis, etc. The increasing percentage of cardiovascular cases and death due to thrombosis all over the world has attracted the researchers to look for newer agents to degrade thrombus. The commonly used thrombolytic drugs under usage including urokinase, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and streptokinase, activates plasmin and converts plasminogen to plasmin that degrades fibrin. However, these agents have certain important limitations, such as higher cost, shorter half-life, immunogenicity, and intravenous administration of these agents are also known to cause hemorrhage.[6,7] These undesirable side effects have created interest in the field of thrombolytic agents, and motivated investigators to search for novel and effective fibrinolytic enzymes for safer use. Over the last decades, many thrombolytic agents have been identified, studied and characterized from various sources, such as earthworms,[8] snake venoms,[9] centipede venoms,[10] insects,[11] and leeches.[12] However, the microbial fibrinolytic enzymes, especially those from food grade microorganisms, have the potential to be developed as functional food additives and alternative drugs to prevent or cure cardiovascular diseases.