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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The prominent bony protrusion on the little finger side of the distal forearm, the ulnar styloid process (Figure 4.21), is a landmark point. It is used to define the hem length or cuff location of a long-sleeved garment. To draft a long-sleeve pattern for women have the person stand with elbow slightly bent, place the 0-point of the tape measure at the point of the acromion, run the tape over the elbow point (olecranon), and measure to the ulnar styloid. If the sleeve includes a fitting dart at the elbow, the measurement is taken in two steps; from the acromion to the olecranon and from the olecranon to the styloid process of the ulna. For a man’s shirt sleeve length, the measurement typically begins at the cervicale (the tip of the spine of the C7 vertebra) and tracks over the bent elbow, to the ulnar styloid.
Functional and morphological changes in shoulder girdle muscles after repeated climbing exercise
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Sebastian Klich, Pascal Madeleine, Krzysztof Ficek, Klaudia Sommer, Cesar Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, Lori A Michener, Adam Kawczyński
A handheld dynamometer (HHD) (Hoggan Scientific, Lafayette, IN) was used to measure strength peak force during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (Harrington et al., 2011). Shoulder strength testing was performed in a seated position with their feet flat on the floor, with knees and hips at approximately 90°. For flexion and abduction, the arm was placed in 90° of elevation, while for external rotation, the arm was positioned by the side with a towel roll under the axilla, and the elbow flexed to 90°. The HHD was stabilized with an external device and aligned with the posterior forearm just proximal to the ulnar styloid process for flexion and abduction strength. For internal rotation strength, the HHD was placed on the anterior forearm just proximal to the wrist (Michener et al., 2021). The order of strength testing was randomized to minimize the potential effect of fatigue. During the measurements, participants were informed to “push as hard as you can” for 5 seconds. Thirty seconds and 1-min rest were given between each trial and testing position, respectively (Harrington et al., 2011). Each measurement was taken twice, and the maximum values were averaged prior to statistical analysis. The relative reliability was good to excellent for all analysed strength (ICC2, 1 from 0.82 to 0.90). The absolute reliability showed SEMs were 5.5 N to 13.0 N, while MDC90% were 15.0 N to 34.0 N.
Movement form of the overarm throw for children at 6, 10 and 14 years of age
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Hannah A. Palmer, Karl M. Newell, Franky Mulloy, Dan Gordon, Lee Smith, Genevieve K. R. Williams
Kinematic data were collected at 200Hz using an automated 3D motion capture system (CODAmotion, Charnwood Dynamics Ltd, UK). Three CX1 scanners provided a 360-degree field of view around the participant and were synchronised to two Kistler Force Platforms (9865, UK) flush to the floor. Active markers were placed on the estimated joint centre of rotation using a bilateral full body marker set. The anatomical points used were 3rd metacarpal, ulnar styloid process, forearm, lateral epicondyle of the elbow, shoulder, xiphoid process, greater trochanter, thigh, femoral condyle, lateral malleolus, calcaneus and 2nd metatarsal. Whole-body CoM was defined based on the mass and position of the individual segment CoM’s of both hands, forearms, upper arms, shank, feet, and the head and torso were consider as a single segment (Plagenhoef, Evans, & Abdelnour, 1983).
Imitation jumps in ski jumping: Technical execution and relationship to performance level
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Gertjan Ettema, Steinar Braaten, Jørgen Danielsen, Birk Eirik Fjeld
A motion capture system (Qualisys, Gothenburg, Sweden) with seven Oqus cameras was used for kinematic data collection. To identify body segments and corresponding joints, seven reflective markers (1 cm diameter) were placed unilaterally on the following landmarks: the lateral tip of the acromion (shoulder), the lateral humeral epicondyle (elbow), the ulnar styloid process (wrist), the trochanter major (hip), the lateral femoral epicondyle (knee) and on the surface of the shoe directly over the lateral malleolus (ankle) and the head of the fifth metatarsal (toe). Markers were also placed on the front and rear end of the force plates to identify force plate position to transfer CoP data from local (plate) to the global (Oqus) coordinate system. On basis of these data, ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow angle and – velocity in the sagittal plane were obtained. The included joint angles are reported. Segment angles (leg, thigh, trunk, arm and forearm) were calculated relative to the horizontal. Increase of these angles were defined as positive (leading to positive velocity). Prior to data collection, the force plates of the skis were calibrated using a regular force plate (Kistler 9286AA, Kistler Instruments, Winterthur, Switzerland), both with static forces and by performing imitation ski jumps using the same roller skis with wheels removed from the force plate. The difference in vertical force was less than 1% and CoP in fore-aft direction differed less than 0.003 m. Vertical force measurements were synchronized with 3D motion capture using the Qualisys software. Sample rate was 200 Hz for all variables.