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Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
B. A. Aderibigbe, I. A. Aderibigbe, A. P. I. Popoola
Exosomes are membrane secreted lipid vesicles that consist of an aqueous core and a lipid membrane with particle sizes between 40 and 100 nm (Kooi-jmans et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). They can be loaded with drugs that are either lipophilic or hydrophilic. They are more stable than synthetic-polymer-based nanoparticle because of their composition and they originate from the organism (Batrakova et al., 2016; Lakhal et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2015). The aqueous core is surrounded by lipid bilayer, and the surface is composed of proteins on the phospholipid bilayer (van den Boorn et al., 2013). They can be used to deliver small drug molecules, they have broad distribution with long circulation time, they can penetrate and cross physiological barrier and can reach target cell/tissue, and they have good selectivity and excellent safety profile (Yang et al., 2015). Exosomes obtained from brain endothelial cells were loaded with doxorubicin and paclitaxel and evaluated as potential therapeutics for treatment brain cancer in a zebrafish model (Yang et al., 2015). The intracellular uptake of the anticancer drugs enhanced significantly in vitro on human glioblastoma-astrocytoma U-87 MG cells. In vivo study on zebrafish further revealed that exosome transportation across BBB was high compared to the free drug (Yang et al., 2015). Exosomes loaded with RNA and proteins have been studied for the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative disorders (Alvarez-Erviti et al., 2011). In another study, exosomes were encapsulated with curcumin, a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitor (Zhuang et al., 2011). In vivo evaluation was performed on lipopolysaccharide-induced brain inflammation model, experimental autoimmune encephalitis, and GL26 brain tumor model. The mice treated via intranasal administration of the formulation exhibited reduced brain inflammation. The delivery of exosome formulation to the microglia cells of the brain was selective, rapidly resulting in induced apoptosis of microglial cells. The transportation of the formulation was dependent on the particle sizes (Zhuang et al., 2011). No toxic side effects were visible. Exosome have also been reported to degrade β-amyloid (Lai et al., 2010; Yuyama et al., 2015). However, factors that must be addressed before exosomes can reach clinical use include the need to understand and select the right exosome donor cell, determine the right drug loading technique, and the selection of targeting peptides for the surface of exosome is crucial (Yang et al., 2015).
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Daucus carota L.: antiradical, antimicrobial potentials, in vitro cytotoxicity against brain glioblastoma cells
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Ikechukwu P. Ejidike, Hadley S. Clayton
The xCELLigence system is a kind of technology that supports accurate real-time monitoring of cell behavior. The system does not require any need to influence the medium during the experiment or the addition of any markers that may alter the cell function. Additionally, cells from this assay could be harvested from the plates for successive analysis (40). xCELLigence analyzer was appropriate for real-time screening of the effect of silver nanoparticles viz: AgNP05 and AgNP01 from D. carota leaf extract (DCLE).in U87MG brain glioblastoma cells. In this study, xCELLigence real-time toxicity of AgNP05 and AgNP01 on U87MG cells showed growth inhibition and reduction of cell viability (Figure 9), at concentrations (stretching from 0.00 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml). AgNP05 and AgNP01 tested against U87MG cells, showed toxicity toward the cell line, with AgNP05 exhibiting the greatest toxicity. AgNP01 showed concentration dependant toxicity; cell viability decreased with an increase in administered compound concentration (11, 27, 39).