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Trends in Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
DNA profiling is done to identify individuals on the basis of their respective DNA and genetic profiles. DNA profiles are encoded sets of numbers that mirror a person’s DNA makeup. DNA profiling is sequencing but that should not be confused with a full genome sequencing. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, there are sequence that are different in each individual. The unique sequencing can be measured by variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in the DNA. It has been found that in closely related individuals VNTRs loci are very similar, whereas VNTRs are variable in unrelated individuals. The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffreys, University of Leicester, England. DNA fingerprinting is a technique to determine the possibility that genetic material came from a particular individual or group. In the case of plants such as grapes, researchers compared the similarities between different species of grapes and were able to piece together parent subspecies that could have contributed to the present prize-winning varieties.
Medical biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
DNA profiling—such as DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic finger-printing—is generally employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals on the basis of their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person’s DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person’s identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). VNTR loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. DNA fingerprinting is a technique to determine the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group. In the case of grapes, scientists compared the similarities between different species and were able to piece together parent subspecies that could have contributed to the present prize-winning varieties.
Establishing culpability
Published in M. R. McGuire, Thomas J. Holt, The Routledge Handbook of Technology, Crime and Justice, 2017
In the late twentieth century, “the truth machine” reappeared yet again, this time in the form of a powerful new forensic identification technology, DNA profiling. This technique in some sense replaced serological blood testing—it operated on the same forensic traces: bodily fluids. The technology, however, derived from cutting edge molecular biology: the forensic applications were only one practical application of techniques that were also widely used in basic biological research. Finally, the technique was also a bit like fingerprinting—and it even briefly adopted that name (“DNA fingerprinting”)—in that it purported to offer individualized identification.
The interpretation of forensic DNA profiles: an historical perspective
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Jo-Anne Bright, Hannah Kelly, Zane Kerr, Catherine McGovern, Duncan Taylor, John S. Buckleton
The loci targeted for forensic analysis are referred to as short tandem repeats, or STRs. STRs are discrete sequences of DNA that are repeated end to end. They can be repeated in tandem up to 100 times within the genome. The sequence of an STR consists of two to five nucleotides, and these are termed di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentanucleotide repeats. Tetranucleotide repeats are the most common type utilised in forensic DNA profiling. Their PCR products generally have fragment lengths of between 100 and 400 base pairs (Edwards et al. 1991). STRs are well-suited for use as forensic markers as they are short and therefore less prone to environmental degradation, can be selected to be highly polymorphic within the human population, are amenable to amplification using PCR, and the analytical process is suited to automation.
Molecular and phytochemical assessment for some seedy strains of Alamar apricot rootstock under salinity stress
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
M. H. Abd El-Aziz, S. Y. Mohamed, Hadeer E. Magwaid
DNA profiling (Figures S2 and S3, supplementary data) showed that ISSR primers except 14A generated 17 (10 negative and 7 positive) out of 77 amplicons, also SCoT primers except SCoT-2 generated 23 (15 negative and 8 positive) out of 101 amplicons. These unique amplicons may be useful as unique markers as explained by Adhikari et al. [32], in Cymbopogon; Abd El-Aziz and Habiba [43], in canolla; Abd El-Aziz et al. [44], in tomato and Abd El-Hadi et al. [45], in squash.