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DNA Markers in Forensic and Diagnostic Science
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
M. Y. Tatfeng, D. E. Agbonlahor, Ifeoma B. Enweani-Nwokelo, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, Francisca Nwaokorie, E. A. Brisibe, D. Esiobu
Microsatellites or SSR loci, otherwise known as VNTRs and simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs), are found throughout the genetic material of most organisms (Varshney et al., 2005). Microsatellite markers are short fragments of DNA in which the same short DNA sequence is repeated several times. They are highly variable across the general population, often conserved from generation to generation and are mostly non-protein coding loci. They vary in length of one to six nucleotides, while minisatellites range from ten to one hundred nucleotides and are classified as mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats. The sequences of two, three and four nucleotide repeats are the most reliable choices genetic studies. They are tandemly repeated (usually 5–20 times) in the genome with a minimum repeat length of 12 base pairs (Ellegren, 2004).
Analyzing Complex Polygenic Traits
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Bernard R. Lauwerys, Edward K. Wakeland
Genome-wide screens analyze the allelic distribution of highly polymorphic repetitive DNA sequences (called microsatellite markers) that are found throughout the whole genome. Usually, microsatellites are amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and their alleles are differentiated on the basis of length variations as revealed by gel electrophoresis. These screens mostly target members of families with at least two affected siblings (affected sib-pair analysis). The principle of the method is that if two siblings suffer from the same disease, they probably inherited the same susceptibility alleles and, consequently, the same microsatellite markers located in their vicinity. The distribution of the microsatellites is assessed statistically and the association with disease is quantified using linkage of disequilibrium (LOD) scores. These scores indicate the probability that the linkage of a specific marker with disease has not been found by chance. Generally, a maximum LOD score greater than 2.2 is considered to be suggestive, 3.3 significant and 5.4 highly significant.
Genomic Approaches for Understanding Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Richa Rai, Amit Kumar Rai, Madhoolika Agrawal
The first genome map in plants was reported in maize (Gardiner et al., 1993), followed by rice (McCouch et al., 1988), and then Arabidopsis (Nam et al., 1989), using RFLP markers. Maps for several other crops like potato, barley, banana, and members of Brassicaceae have been constructed (Winter and Kahl, 1995). Microsatellite markers are useful in genome mapping. After being completely mapped, these markers may be efficiently used in tagging several individual traits that are extremely important for a breeding program like yield, disease resistance, stress tolerance, seed quality, etc. A large number of monogenic and polygenic loci for various traits have been identified in many plants and are currently being exploited by breeders and molecular biologists together to make the dream of marker-assisted selection come true.
Uncertainty and disturbance-observer based robust attitude control for satellites
Published in International Journal of Control, 2023
Shilpee Kumar, Sarbani Chakraborty
Miniaturised satellites are the future of space missions. The small satellites based on mass are categorised as: minisatellite (100–500 kg), microsatellite (<100 kg), nanosatellite (<10kg). The concentrated design layout of the small satellite is due to its small weight, low volume, and single-serving purpose. Classification of nanosatellite in strict terms is any satellite within the mass of 1–10 kg. Satellites placed in the range of 600–1200 kms above the earth’s surface are (Low Earth Orbit) LEO satellites (Yamashita et al., 2004). These cost-effective LEO satellites revolve at an extremely high-speed providing continuous coverage focused over a region. Hence, a continuous control strategy is required to maintain the orientation of the satellite with respect to a fixed reference frame such as Sun or star which is challenging. ADCS is an integral subsystem of satellite providing stability and robustness to rotate in a defined orbit in LEO (Sanyal & Lee-Ho, 2009).
Toxic and carcinogenic effects of hexavalent chromium in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro: a recent update
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2022
Shehnaz Islam, Sreejata Kamila, Ansuman Chattopadhyay
Most of the chromate cancer occurs due to microsatellite instability of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins.4, 142–144 DNA hypermethylation responsible for the repression of MLH1 protein (one of MMR protein) was observed in chromate exposed worker.144,145 In the presence of antioxidant ascorbate (Asc), Cr (VI) rapidly reduced to Cr (III) and forms Asc-Cr-DNA crosslink, which activates the MMR system and induces p53 independent cellular apoptosis.142,143 Recruiting gamma H2AX foci by MMR after Cr-DNA adduct formation induces DNA double-strand breaks and p53-mediated apoptosis.4, 143 Loss or deficiency of MMR protein are the major reasons behind chromate cancer (Figure 2).
Lemna minor, a hyperaccumulator shows elevated levels of Cd accumulation and genomic template stability in binary application of Cd and Ni: a physiological and genetic approach
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit, Lutfi Arda, Bestenur Yalcin, Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin, Bihter Ucar, Asli Hocaoglu-Ozyigit
A PCR based technique, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) uses two identical microsatellite repeat regions oriented in opposite direction for amplification of DNA segment found at an amplifiable distance. In this technique, amplification of inter-SSR sequences of different sizes by targeting multiple genomic loci involves utilizing of usually 16–25 bp long microsatellites as primers in a single primer PCR reaction (Reddy et al.2002). ISSR markers due to their highly polymorphic nature, provide advantages in researches related with genetic diversity, genome mapping, evolutionary biology, phylogeny, and gene tagging (Alhasnawi et al.2015; Naik et al.2017; Filiz et al.2018; Sadat-Hosseini et al.2019). The protocol used in ISSR technique is particularly quick and easy to handle and has higher reliability in comparison with RAPD technique due to the application conditions involving of using longer primers and the reactions with high stringency (i.e. higher annealing temperatures); since therefore, prevents erroneous results from occurring due to DNA contamination during experiments (Crespo Pardo et al.2014; Sorrentino et al.2017).