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Endoscopic Surgery
Published in John G Webster, Minimally Invasive Medical Technology, 2016
Although the surgical procedure differs from case to case, for most types of laparoscopic surgery, the basic routines include the following steps: Insufflation. A hollow needle is inserted through the abdomen wall, the end of which is connected to an insufflator tube. Gas is delivered into the abdominal cavity to distend the abdominal wall and separate the organs, which allows easier visualization and manipulation. The pressure inside the abdominal cavity is controlled by the insufflator to an appropriate constant value throughout the operation.Insertion of the trocar. A trocar (cylindrical tube with a sharp tip) is inserted through the abdomen wall to introduce the laparoscope. One or more secondary trocars might also be used to bring in other instruments.Organ visualization and manipulation. Observing and operating instruments are brought into the patient’s abdominal cavity though primary and secondary trocars.Terminating the procedure. All the trocars are taken out of the abdominal cavity and the wounds are closed.
Intervention: Nanotechnology in Reconstructive Intervention and Surgery
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Percutaneous refers to any medical procedure by which access to inner organs or other tissue is obtained via needle puncture of the skin. Laparoscopic surgery is generally performed with the aid of a trocar, a sleeve or tube resembling a large needle which holds the incision open and protects the surrounding tissue from damage due to instrument exchanges and motion. There is some overlap between the use of the terms percutaneous and laparoscopic, and between needles and trocars (for example, the term percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, PEG [66]). In recent practice, percutaneous usually refers to access to blood vessels and the spinal column, and laparoscopic refers to access to larger body compartments.
Simulation of non-Newtonian flow of blood in a modified laparoscopic forceps used in minimally invasive surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Md. Abdul Raheem Junaidi, Harsha Sista, Ram Chandra Murthy Kalluri, Y. V. Daseswara Rao, Alla Gopala Krishna Gokhale
In laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon creates multiple incisions around the belly button of a patient for inserting trocars of 5–12 mm sizes, as shown in Figure 1. A trocar is a surgical instrument that is sharp-pointed and is used with the cannula to puncture the abdominal cavity and to insert different instruments through it. A camera-enabled laparoscope is inserted into the abdominal cavity through a trocar into the first of the three ports. The abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas insufflating device (a method known as pneumoperitoneum) through the second port to provide sufficient room for the surgeon to perform the surgery. The reason for preferring CO2 over other gases is that it is non-flammable, non-combustible, colorless, readily soluble in water, cheap, and reduces the risk of complications occurring by blood clots in veins. The final port is for the laparoscopic forceps, to perform operations such as grasping, cutting, lasing, cauterizing, etc. After inflating the abdomen with CO2 gas, the surgeon inserts various instruments that are commonly used in laparoscopic surgeries (Geryane et al. 2004; Yadav et al. 2017).